Com 10 practice questions

Norms are rules for what behavior is deemed acceptable. An example of a norm is chewing with your mouth closed.

Folkways are most lightly held rules.

Example: wearing same colored socks

Mores are strongly held rules

Ex: stealing

Taboos are the most strongly held rules

Ex. Incest

S-source: person with the message

E-encoder: source puts message into spoken form

M-message: what the source is saying. “Content”

C-channel: how the message is sent

D-decoder: takes message out of written form and makes sense of it

R-receiver: person who gets the message

Channel is the means used to communicate the message.

Ex: text message/calling

A conversation that gets from source to receiver without any distortion

Anything that distorts/interferes with fidelity.

Ex: poor connection on a phone call

Intrapersonal communication

Interpersonal communication

Small group

Mass communication

Message treatment is how the message is delivered/conveyed.

Ex: saying “I love you” to your mom vs girlfriend

^different meanings

Any conversation which includes feedback

Source A switches with receiver B and vice versa

A model without feedback

Ex: SEMCDR model

First stage of perception

Mechanical functions of 5 senses

More active stage. Contextualizing information

A double bind is when the message and the treatment don’t match—when what is said vs how it’s said doesn’t match

Ex: saying “I’m so happy” while crying hysterically

Easy/obvious

Repetition

Intensity

Contrast

Past learning experiences

Motivations

Culture

Language

Stereotypes

Roles

Mood

Attitude

Psychological tendencies

Something that intercedes two or more things

Ex: calling a friend is mediated conversation

Selective exposure is the tendency to only expose yourself to stimuli you agree with

Ex: only watching Fox News/CNN news

Selective attention is the tendency to only pay attention to stimuli you agree/align with

Ex: only paying attention to the halftime show during Super Bowl

Selective retention is the tendency to only retain information you align with

Ex: only remembering the bad things someone that you don’t like did

1. Self concept

2. Looking glass self

3. Basic social needs of individual

4. Beliefs

5. Attitudes

6. Values

1. Subcultural differences

2. Relative language

3. Euphemism

4. Abstraction

5. Equivocation

6. Static evaluation

7. Bypassing

8. Limited language

nonspecific descriptive words which only have meaning in relation to something else.

Ex: it smells so loud

Different ways to say the same thing—unpleasant term replaced with nice term

Ex: I’m so sorry for your loss vs. I’m sorry your dog died

uses a strategy of simplification, wherein formerly concrete details are left ambiguous, vague, or undefined

-being vague, ambiguous

Ex: “It’s over there”

When the same words have more than one definition think equivalent

way of speaking that is intentionally not clear and is confusing to other people, especially to hide the truth, or something said in this way

Ex: when a person is asked a direct yes-or-no question, and gives a vague response that doesn't answer the question, that person is equivocating.

Words/phrases that make things seem one dimensional when they aren‘t

Ex: she’s so boring

happens when two people attached different meanings to the same word.

Ex: failing to see you agree with each other bc you are using different phrasing

Language is limited/reality is unlimited

1. Act as verbal signals/stand for/refer to things in the real world

2. Act as performed actions and settings—we can perform actions with our words

3. Invoke emotion

4. Reduce uncertainty

5. Express complex ideas

6. Promote human contact

1. Elaborate vs succinct

2. Formality vs informality

3. Structure

4. Social circumstances

physical intimacy

Emotional intimacy

Intellectual intimacy

Shared activity

1. Appearance

2. Similarity

3. Reciprocity

4. Disclosure

5. Proximity

6. Exchange

7. Competence

8. Complementary

Communication to open the channel for more communication

Ex: how are you?

Queries/replies about unimportant things to maintain connection

coyness is playful shyness usually demonstrated when flirting

Ex: smiling and looking away

“I’m harmless” gestures

Ex: exposing your hands//resting them on the table

Subconscious mirroring/mimicking of partner in conversation

Ex: partner crosses legs so you cross your legs

1. Initiating

2. Experimenting

3. Intensifying

4. Integrating

5. Bonding

6. Differentiating

7. Circumscribing

8. Stagnation

9. Avoiding

10. Terminating

weighing the cost vs reward in a relationship

Making the relationship cost more than its worth

purports that the relationship will benefit by separation. Cost escalation – attempts to make the relationship unattractive to the partner.

often referred to as 'stonewalling,' or being evasive to avoid situations or conversations where one might have to be transparent and present.

something that has already happened or been done and cannot be changed

1. Kinesics

2. Paralanguage

3. Space

4. Time

5. Artifacts

6. Environment

emblems are body movements directly translatable to a symbol/phrase

Ex: peace sign

Illustrators are movements accompanying verbal language

Ex: hand movements to emphasize speech

Humans display facial expressions

-gestures and body language

Ex: reacting to a joke by laughing

regulators are how we maintain/coordinate the act of speaking and listening

Ex: fumbling with rubber band to maintain focus

Adaptors are how we adjust/move our bodies to feel more comfortable in a given situation

Usually idiosyncratic

Ex: adjusting in your chair

vocal but nonverbal aspects of speech

Ex. Speaking quickly about something you’re excited about

Background characteristics of a person’s voice

Ex: pitch, volume

nonverbal substitutes for words

Ex: “Uh-huh”

uncodified sounds that fill gaps of silence

Ex: “Uhhhh” to fill gap of silence

Things we do with our voice to communicate emotion

Ex: slower, faster, louder, quieter

the act or process of producing sounds with the voice.

Ex: yawning

1. Attending

2. Following

3. Reflecting

attending is giving physical attention to someone else (nonverbal)

Ex: posture of involvement—demonstrating with our body relaxed alertness

trying to follow speaker without leading

Ex: asking door openers

verbal communication to get others to talk

ex: “Really?” “So?” “Tell me more”

paraphrasing essence of what the speaker is trying to communicate in your own words

Nonverbal reflecting—body language

1. To save face

2. To avoid tension/conflict

3. To guide social interaction

4. To expand/reduce relationships

5. To gain/protect power or resources

6. For protection

We assume the recipients of our lies are less trustworthy

We think they share our deceitful nature

we assume our partner is telling us the truth

As relationship intensifies, we are less likely to catch their lies

Alternative to lying

Different way to say the same thing

Ex: “I’m really busy with homework so I can’t talk right now”

alternative to lying

More direct version of an equivocal response

Only works if recipient understands the hint

Ex: “I know you’re busy so I’ll let you go”

desire for sexual variety

More likely in men—interested in casual sex/hookups

stereotypes aren’t always negative, but they usually have negative connotation. We assume that they are the exception to the stereotype. We think we’re better than them

The ability to refer to objects or events that are not in the here and now

Ex: innocent body language gestures that reveal a withheld opinion

Women want a man to stay with them and raise a family—need caretakers, providers

Men just want to pass on their genes

1. Cost escalation

2. Pseudo de-escalation

3. Fait accompli

4. State of relationship talk

5. Withdrawal

6. Fading away

a. Vocal qualities

B. Vocal segregates

C. Vocal fluences

D. Vocal qualifiers

E. Pauses and silence

F. Vocalizations

G. Message treatment

H. Sarcasm

I. Accents

if someone else was in your shoes, would you want them to lie to you?

A. Emblems

B. Illustrators

C. Affect display

D. Regulators

E. Adaptors

F. General characteristics, smells/odors, heat, touch

are they flirting or are they being nice?

Gestures that can be interpreted in multiple ways