Studied by 3 peopleWhy will ideas spread throughout Europe?
books and pamphlets---very inexpensive, rapidly published and distributed, written during enlightenment
What did people realize was important to have a just society?
reform
Why will censorship start to rise?
Old Order
Censorship the most resistant areas. Why did people not want to cover up?
God established it so they believe it shoulden’t change
censorship
restricting of ideas or information
What happened after censorship was put in place?
-banned and burned books
-imprisoned writers
-possible death of the writer
What did writers start to use to deal with censorship and get around it?
pseudonyms
pseudonyms
false/fake name
What did Voltaire write?
Candide
What was Candide about?
hero searches for the best government and finds corrupt and hypocrisy
salons
informal social gatherings where people would discuss Enlightenment ideas with writers, artists, philosophers, etc.
Where did salons origonate?
Paris
What did salons start as?
Nobel women gathering for poetry reading then turned to discussing ideas
Madame Geoffrin
hosted one of the most respected salon; she put the best minds together; Diderot and Mozart
Madame Pompadour
famous salon host; great guests b/c mistress of Louis XV; people wanted to be there to get closer with the King
At salons who did the common people interact with?
middle class--- started to see beginnings of order
What formed from the middle class?
capitalism
Who was the King when the Enlightenment began?
Louis XIV (14)
Baroque
-art and architecture was either of the Greek and roman or a grand style
-ornate, colorful, typically large
-typically glorified battles or the lives as Saints
Which King led a less formal lifestyle?
Louis XV (15)
Rococo
-artists began to reflect change of a less formal lifestyle by developing this
-moved away from religion with a lighter, elegant but charming style
Enlightenment led to formation of new music written by composers and musicians. What types of music developed?
classical music and opera
Opera
plays set to music; performed in royal courts; the house sprang from Italy to England
What were the middle class able to do because of the spread of Opera in the 1700s?
they were able to commission musicians and afford it
Johannes-Sebastian Bach
-German Lutheran
-religious music for organs and choirs
-sonatas for violin and harpsichord
sonatas
an instrumental composition, usually in 3 or more movements for piano alone
harpsichord
keyboard instrumental whose springs are plucked by means of quills and plectrums
George Fredric Handel
-German composer
-wrote for King George I
-known for the Messiah
Franz Joseph Haydn
-developed forms of classical music for string and symphonies
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
-child prodigy
-composer and reformer
-created operas, symphonies, and religious music
By the 1700s literature developed new forms of writing. What is it called?
novels
What were novels?
long works of prose (doesn’t rhyme) fiction
What did Daniel Defoe write?
Robinson Cruose
What was Robinson Cruose about?
a sailor who shipwrecked on a tropical island
What did Johnathan Swift write?
Gulliver’s Travels
What was Gulliver’s Travels about?
2 kingdoms discussed in Gulliver’s Travels were intended as, and understood to be, satirical portraits of the kingdom of Great Britain and kingdom of France, respectively, as they were in early 18th century
Who tried to convince monarchs to make reforms?
Philosophes
Enlightened despots
some monarchs accepted enlightenment ideas while others practiced absolutism, but also enlightenment ideas
Frederick II
-aka Frederick the Great
-king of Prussia
a) tightly controlled subjects
b) saw himself as a servant to the state
c) praised Voltaire
d) enacted reforms
i) ended torture
ii) allowed freedom of the press
iii) simplified law
iv) religious tolerance
Catherine the Great
-empress of Russia
a) read works of Diderot and Voltaire
b) believed in enlightenment ideas of equality and freedom
c) employed limited reforms
i) abolished torture
ii) established religious tolerance
iii) granted nobles rights---criticized serfdom
iv) didn’t give up power
Maria Theresa
-Hapsburg Dynasty and ruler of Austria
-empress
-believed in enlightenment ideas but didn’t push reforms
Joseph II
-Son and successor of Maria Theresa
-Hapsburg emperor
-instituted numerous reforms
a) modernized government
b) religious freedom
c) freedom of the press
d) abolished serfdom
Most Europeans weren’t directly impacted from the English. Slowly however, Enlightenment crept into lives as the following took place…
a) ending of serfdom
b) political upheaval
c) war
d) economic conditions
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