Studied by 26 peopleThis is a study set that covers cell biology/physiology and drug delivery with specific focus on the mechanisms of the ear.
What does the FDA require on all medication labels?
Name of the product
Table of drug facts
Active ingredients
Proper use and purpose
Warnings
Directions
Allergic reactions/harmful side effects
Inactive ingredients
What are the drug levels/schedules?
C-I, C-II, C-III, C-IV, C-V
What determines a C-I categorization?
High potential for abuse, with no currently accepted medical use in the US. Considered dangerous when used without medical supervision
What are some examples of C-I drugs?
MDMA, ecstasy, LSD, GHB, heroin
What determines a C-II categorization?
High potential for abuse, but with some accepted medical uses in the US. Abuse leads to physical and/or psychological dependence and is considered dangerous
What are some examples of C-II drugs?
Morphine, cocaine, PCP, opium
What determines a C-III categorization?
Potential for abuse, but lower than previous categories. There are accepted medical uses, and abuse can lead to mild physical dependence or great psychological dependence
What are some examples of C-III drugs?
Ketamine, codeine, lysergic acid, anabolic steroids
What determines a C-IV categorization?
Relatively low potential for abuse. Have accepted medical uses in the US. Abuse leads to limited dependence
What are some examples of C-IV drugs?
benzodiazepines, phenobarbital
What determines a C-V categorization?
Low potential for abuse. Have accepted medical uses in the Us. Abuse may lead to limited dependence.
What are some examples for C-V drugs?
pyrovalerone, retigabine
What are the health professional guidelines for drug management?
Access a CURRENT drug reference
Controlled substances have to be locked securely
Conceal and secure prescription pads at office
Keep accurate records of controlled substances
Keep up to date with FDA/DEA
Establish working rapport with pharmacist
Maintain ethical relationship with pharmaceutical reps as part of Affordable Care Act, and Sunshine act, requires reporting compensation/gifts
What are the top 10 drug classifications?
Lipid-lowering agents
Antidepressants
Narcotic analgesics
Beta-blockers
Antihypertensives
Diuretics
Antidiabetics
Antibiotics
Proton pump inhibitors
Anticoagulants
What do lipid lowering agents do?
Lowers low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol
What do antidepressants do?
Improves symptoms of depression. Also used for anxiety and other neurological disorders
What do narcotic analgesics do?
Relieve severe pain
What do Beta blockers do?
Lowers heart rate and blood pressure
What do antihypertensives do?
Lowers blood pressure
What do diuretics do?
Increases urinary output
What do antibiotics do?
Eliminates infection
What do proton pump inhibitors do?
Decreases acidity of stomach
What do anticoagulants do?
Decreases clotting in blood
What 4 names do a drug have?
Generic, trade, chemical, and official
What is a generic drug name?
Common or general name assigned to drug by the US Adopted Name Council
Do generic names have an upper or lower case initial letter?
Lower
What is a trade drug name?
Proprietary or brand name owned by pharmaceutical company
Do trade names have an upper or lower case initial letter?
Upper
What is a chemical drug name?
The exact molecular formula of the drug
What is a official drug name?
Name of the drug as it appears in the official reference, the United States Pharmacopeia/National Formulary (USP/NF). Generally, the same as the generic name
What is tall man lettering?
Upper case lettering often used to highlight difference between confused drugs. Ex: CeleXA vs CeleBREX
Indications
List of medical conditions of diseases for which the drug is meant to be used
Actions
description of cellular changes that occur as a result of the drug (technical)
Contraindications
a list of conditions for which the drug should NOT be given
Cautions
a list of conditions or types of patients that warrant closer observations for specific side effects
Side effects/adverse reactions
a list of possible unpleasant or dangerous secondary effects, other than the desired effects
Interactions
a list of drugs or foods that may alter the effect of the drug and usually should not be given during the course of therapy
What are the routes of drug administration?
Oral
Digestive Tract (enteral)
Buccal / Sublabial / Sublingual
Respiratory Tract / Endotracheal
Injection / Infusion (tissue or blood)
Ophthalmologic
Urogenital
Rectal (enteral)
Nasal
Topical / Transdermal
Otologic
What is First Pass Metabolism?
A phenomenon of drug metabolism where the concentration of a drug is greatly reduced before it reaches the systemic circulation during the process of absorption in the liver and gut wall
What are the challenges to get drugs to the inner ear?
Anatomical
Difficult area to access
Blood-inner ear barrier
Limited labyrinthine artery supply
Mechanistic
Variations in RWM permeability
Biotherapeutic instability
Uncontrolled drug elimination
·Nonspecific drug delivery
What are inner ear drug delivery approaches?
Intratympanic injection
Hydrogel
CI
Round window micro catheter
Silverstein microwick
Cochleostomy
Nanoparticle
Why is active transport different than passive transport?
Active transport requires energy (ATP), whereas passive doesn’t (facilitated diffusion)
What is signal transduction?
When a receptor binds to its substrate and causes a conformational change in the receptor, this change in shape will cause it to either release something inside the cell or bind to something else inside the cell
What are the functional roles of proteins?
Stabilization of the membrane
Selective transport of both ions and large molecules
Anchor the membrane to adjacent cells or substrates
Communication
What is the cochlear protein that is a likely player when sound is converted into electrical signals?
Protocadherin-15
What’s the difference between apoptosis and necrosis?
Apoptosis is described as an active, programmed process of autonomous cellular dismantling that avoids eliciting inflammation. Necrosis has been characterized as passive, accidental cell death resulting from environmental perturbations with uncontrolled release of inflammatory cellular contents.
What do cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs) do?
Help guide white blood cells to the injured areas
What are the DNA pairs?
A-T
T-A
C-G
G-C
What protein are cilia?
Microtubules
What microfilament works with mechanical strength, phagocytosis, and motility?
Actin
Free Radical
An atom, molecule, or ion that has at least one unpaired valence electron
Pharmacokinetics describes how the body affects a specific chemical after administration through the mechanisms of absorption and distribution, metabolism, and the effects and routes of excretion. (what the body does to the drug)
Pharmacokinetics
Biochemical and physiologic effects of drugs on the human body (what a drug does to the body)
Pharmacodynamics
The range of doses at which a medication is effective without unacceptable adverse events. Drugs with a narrow TI have a narrow window between their effective doses and those at which they produce adverse toxic effects.
Therapeutic Index
The time required for a quantity (of substance) to reduce to half of its initial value
Half Life
What did the US Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act do?
Gave authority to the FDA to oversee the safety of food, drugs, medical devices, and cosmetics
What did the Pure Food and Drug Act do?
Ban mislabeled food products, required that active ingredients be placed on the label of a drug's packaging, and that drugs could not fall below purity levels established by the United States Pharmacopeia or the National Formulary.
What did the Pediatric Rule do?
Ensure that drugs commonly used for the treatment of children are actually tested for pediatric use
What did the Controlled Substances Act do?
Established Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), created tighter controls on some substances, and categorized drugs into 5 Levels
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