Chapter 16 - Toward a New Worldview - Vocab, People, Ideas

The study of nature, purpose and how the universe was formed (Science)

Heliocentric solar system, Earth rotates and not stars, Universe is massive, excluded heaven in Solar System. Explained in On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres'; Helped proved when Galileo found moons on Jupiter

Discovered by Galileo

Objects are attracted to each other based on their mass; Discovered by Newton

Invented by Bacon; earliest method of experimental method, solving problems using inductive reasoning.

Discovered by Descartes; World consisted of mind and matter

Intellectual and cultural movement; 1690-1700s'; Growth of 3 major ideas, Scientific method, Reason/Rationalism and the possibility of Progress

Secular thought that everything should be proved by reason and not faith

The idea that all human thoughts are produced by the 5 senses

French group of intellectuals that said they were finally bringing reason to work; Believed common people couldn’t use philisophe ideas

Belief that god created the world and watches what happens and doesn’t interfere

Regular social gatherings by wealthy people, scientists and philosophes

Feminine art style, helped connect some females with enlightened thinkers in salons

Change from group readings of religious text, to individual reading of diverse topics; 20k more books; Art and sci. books increased

Monarchs who used enlightened idea but kept absolute rule

Mon=Best; People should service the state and in return the state will use resources on people

Jewish Enlightenment; Major philosopher was Mendelssohn

Celebrates open debate between middle class usually in coffee shops

Started classifying groups for the first time; popularized by David Hume and Immanual Kant

Guaranteed Marie Tariesas succession of Silesia; Fredrick the Great broke

Transported Chinese knowledge to west

On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres; Prussia; Copernican Hypothesis which contradicted bible and got him killed

Began use of drugs to cure illness: Swedish

On the structure of the Human Body: Dissected dead people; inspired William Harvey’s Ideas

Observed the sky for many years and took notes on it because he couldn’t do math; Data complied in Rudolphine Tables; Funded by H.R.E Rudolph II

Empiricism; James I’s support; English; Main popularize of the experimental method

Law of Inertia; Advance used telescope to prove church wrong and prove Copernicus right; Used scientific method; proved church wrong; Italian

3 laws of planetary motion; planets orbit in ellipses rather than circles; planets move faster when closer to the sun; the time it take for a planet to orbit the sun is exactly related to its distance from the sun; The New Astronomy; Finished Brahe’s Rudolphine Tables; German

Discovered circulation of blood and explained that heart pumped blood to muscles; English

Need to dought everything/Deductive Reasoning; Cartesian Dualism; French; Influenced France and Netherlands but not England

Boyle’s Law; Irish

Law of universal Gravitation; took 200+ years to fully understand theories; Religious; English; put pieces of other scientists together

Dutch, Jewish; believed that good and evil were shaped by outside circumstances and not free will; agreed with Descartes about deductive reasoning; god and nature were the same

Essay Concerning Human Understanding; Second Treatise of Civil Government - Believed every person had the natural right which included life, liberty, and property which couldn’t be taken away by monarch; Life was influenced by outside factors like social and intellectual institutions

German philosopher; independently discovered calculus; believed that everything was made up of “monads” which was a infinite number of substances; Voltaire ridiculed him

Huguenot and use of skepticism that nothing can exist beyond doubt; Published Dictionary

The Persian Letters - made fun of European customs and beliefs; The Spirit of Laws - Believed that the government should have a separation of laws (legislative, Judicial and executive; liked England’s government and was inspired by it; French

Thought England was good because they allowed more freedom of religion while in France he disliked it because Catholicism was forced; Believed in freedom of speech; satire critic with 70+ novels/books; French; believed in Deism

Central figure of Scottish enlightenment ; believed human mind was a bundle of sensory impressions; Believed whites were superior and used “scientific racism” which increased slavery; Skepticism - since god cannot be interpreted with our senses he can have legitimate articles of knowledge

Put together thousands of works in The Encyclopedia which was one of the most popular books and influenced a lot however it got banned in many nations; Excluded women from encyclopedia; Popularized atheism with encyclopedia

Social contract -The power to govern was a natural right in the hands of the Males with elected representatives that if they became corrupt could be removed (Popular sovereignty rather than divine right of kings")

The Wealth of Nations - attacked mercantilism policies and believed that the economy should be ran by the people rather than the government

People Rule; opposite of Divine Right of Kings

God is like a clock maker that created the world but does nothing to effect or change it anymore; Went against christianity

Religious Tolerance (however favored protestants when appointing government positions), Legal reforms like abolishing torcher, Bureaucracy reforms using cameralism

1. Westernize Russia with patronizing philosophes like Voltaire and printing encyclopedia in Russia

2. Legal reforms like removing tourcher

3. Expansion most notably the partion of Poland

Pugachev named himself Tsar of Russia and abolished serfdom, then Catherine the Great used to her army to destroy Pugachevs serf army which lead to serfdom not being helped in Russia

Observation, then conclusion.

Start w/ idea/hypothesis then confirm or deny