ICP Final

study of matter and energy

1. Define the problem

2. Gather information

3. make a hypothesis

4. perform the experiment

5. analyze the data

6. conclusion

what you are testing; the thing being manipulated

what is being measured (changed by the independent)

the thing that stays the same

a quality that people agree to use for comparison

description of events in nature; WHAT happens

explanation of events in nature; WHY things happen

representation of an object or event that can be used to understand the real thing (which may be too complex, small, or large to see)

observing, studying, or experimenting to find patterns in nature

application of science usually resulting in an invention

1 billion

1 million

1000

1/10

1/100

1/1000

1/1,000,000

1/1,000,000,000

distance from one point to another (meter)

the amount of matter in an object (gram)

the amount of space and object takes up (liter)

the amount of matter in a given amount of space (mass/volume)

write a very large or small number as a power of ten (Ex: 750,000,000 = 7.5*10^8)

independent variable

dependent variable

How close your measurement is to the real one (correct)

how close your measurement is to other measurements made in the same way (repeatable)

round answer to the left-most estimated digit (3.7)

round answer to the least number of sig figs (30)

anything that has mass and takes up space

matter with a definite composition and definite properties

simplest form of matter

the smallest particle of an element that still acts like that element

shorthand way of writing the names of the elements

2 or more elements that are chemically combined

the smallest particle of a substance that still acts like that substance

shorthand way of writing out compounds

2 or more kinds of matter (pure substances) PHYSICALLY mixed together -can be separated using physical properties -no fixed ratio -similar properties as substances in the mixture

substances are spread out evenly (Ex: salt water, air)

substances are NOT spread out evenly (Ex: chocolate chip cookie, pizza, sand)

homogeneous mixtures of metals (Ex: bronze)

looks like particles are spread out evenly but aren't (Ex: butter, pearls)

particles that settle to the bottom (Ex: Italian dressing, hot chocolate)

properties that can be observed with 5 senses and measured (Ex: color)

ability to react or the lack of ability (Ex: flammability)

does NOT depend on the amount (Ex: color, density)

depend on the amount (Ex: mass, volume)

-only a change in physical properties -usually reversible -Ex: melting, freezing

a process by which new substances are formed having new physical and chemical properties; not easily reversible (Ex: rusting, burning)

1. bubbles (gas is forming)

2. heat or light (burning)

3. color change

4. precipitate (2 liquids become solid)

1. write down the information given to you

2. write down the equation you are going to use -use variables and move for the solved variable

3. substitute letters for units

4. answer

temperature that a solid turns into a liquid

temperature that a liquid turns into a gas

man-made

substance with definite shape and definite volume

substance with definite volume but no definite shape

substance with no definite shape or volume; fills its container

similar to a gas but with charged particles (most common phase in the universe)

-all matter is made up of tiny particles in constant motion -the higher the temperature the faster the particles move -particles with less mass move faster

higher temp. → particles move faster → more energy

particles are close together and vibrate in place

particles are in a pattern (most common solid)

particles are not in a pattern

particles are close together but can slip past each other (flow)

resistance to flow (high: molasses, glue ~ low: water, juice)

particles move in a straights line until they collide with something and change directions

solid → liquid

liquid → solid

liquid → gas

gas → liquid

gas → solid

solid → gas

requires energy to be added -melting -boiling -evaporation -sublimation

releases energy -freezing -condensation -deposition

the buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object (duck)

the pressure in a moving stream of fluid is less than the pressure in the surrounding fluid (hair dryer + ping pong ball)

the pressure in a fluid is transmitted equally throughout the fluid (hydraulics)

F1/A1 = F2/A2

P1V1 = P2V2

V1/T1 = V2/T2

P1/T1 = P2/T2

the location of an electron can only be described in terms of probabilities of where it might be located

positive electrical charge 1 atomic mass unit(amu)

no electrical charge; neutral 1 amu (slightly larger than p+)

negative electrical charge 1/1836 amu

neutral; p+ = e-

1,2,3,4,5,6,7

s,p,d,f

1 orientation (max 2 e-)

3 orientations (max 6 e-)

5 orientations (max 10 e-)

7 orientations (max 14 e-)

s p d f

1 1s

2 2s 2p

3 3s 3p 3d

4 4s 4p 4d 4f

5 5s 5p 5d 5f

6 6s 6p 6d 6f

7 7s 7p 7d 7f

Aluminum

Carbon

Chlorine

Hydrogen

Magnesium