Science 3.1 "How Do Plants Capture Energy?"

a sugar that cannot be broken down into small carbohydrate units

ex: glucose

the tissue in plants that make up the vascular system (w/ phloem + xylem)

carries food/glucose up + down the vascular system

• food made in leaves needs to travel throughout the plant to create energy for cellular activities

• roots use this for energy or starch

carries water + minerals in the vascular system in one direction

• water is important to photosynthesis + needs to travel to the leaves

a layer in a stem/trunk that surrounds the sapwood + produces new xylem + phloem cells

the loss of water from a plant through the stomata in the leaves, triggering the xylem to pull water upward.

• similar to perspiration (sweating) cause they both involve the loss of water from an organism

a growth region of a plant

a meristem located outside the phloem that produces cork tissue and is responsible for secondary growth in stems

the process of how plants make food through the chemical reaction of:

• 6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy

(6 atoms of carbon dioxide from breathed out air, 6 atoms of water from soil, + light energy from the sun)

• the chemical reaction will make sugar: C6H12O6

the sugar will get stored in ATP molecules made from ADP + oxygen

• the chemical reaction will also make oxygen: 6O2

the oxygen will be released as air used to breathe

• the process takes 2 steps that depend on each other: light + dark reactions

forms the products glucose + molecular oxygen

a molecule w/ 2 oxygen atoms (O2)

the 1st step of photosynthesis when light hits the leaves + is absorbed by chlorophyll in the chloroplasts

1. light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll in the leaf

2. light energy splits the water molecules into hydrogen (H2) + one oxygen atom (O)

3. created H2 gets added to NADP+ to make NADPH and the oxygen is released by the leaf into the air

4. absorbed light energy is used to add to a phospate group (ADP to create ATP)

NADPH, ATP, + oxygen

aka the Calvin Cycle + occurs in other part of the chloroplast.

it does not need light energy, hence its name

1. Carbon dioxide (CO2) from atmosphere enters plant

2. CO2 fixation occurs by when its molecules combine into 3-carbon molecules in the chloroplast

3. the reduction phase occurs by chemical reactions, causing the ATP + NADPH to give electrons + change back to ADP + NADP+, which results in PGAL molecules.

4. some PGAL molecules are reused to keep the cycle going

5. some PGAL molecules leave the cycle + are used to build organic molecules that make up the cell

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate plus an electron from Hydrogen

• a product by light reactions

• made from hydrogen + Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADP+) during the light reaction cycle

• an energy-rich compound reaction for dark reactions in photosynthesis

adenosine diphosphate

adenosine triphosphate

• a product of light reactions

• made by light energy getting absorbed into Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) during light reaction

• its molecules are where sugar made by the plant gets stored

• an energy-rich compound reaction for dark reactions in photosynthesis

glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

one larger molecule made by many glucose molecules that is formed by the glyceraldhyde 3-phosphate (PGAL) molecules during the Calvin Cycle

the fibrous material in plants that can be formed by PGAL molecules during the Calvin Cycle

a process in which cells obtain the energy they need to survive where they use oxygen to break down glucose to store its energy in ATP molecules.

• 40% of glucose goes to ATP, while the rest give power to the plant + is later released as heat

• this is critical for plant survival because cells use ATP to power the plant

  sugar (stored in photosynthesis) + oxygen (from air)

  = ATP, and water (a by-product)

a layer in the darker center of a trunk made of old nonfunctioning xylem cells

layer that surrounds heartwood made of active xylem that moves water + minerals without using energy

aka cork cambium

• outer layer of a tree trunk that protects the living cells inside

• part of a plant that removes sugar in the phloem to use for energy or make starch to store it

• the increase of concentration of sugar/starch causes the shape of this part of a plant to change

an opening on the leaf’s surface that allows gases in + out during photosynthesis

• when light is present, this opens + increases the rate of photosynthesis + transpiration

a sequoia + the largest tree ever

when the roots + shoots’ tips grow longer

growth at the tips of plants

• apical + intercalary meristems use this type of plant growth

growth where the stems thicken

• vascular + cork cambium meristems use this type of plant

• growth

part of a plant that sends signals to specific cells to “switch on” certain genes

ex:

• Auxins, Abscisic acid, Ethylene, Gibberellins, Cytokinins