BIS2B (Gerhart) MT I Study

The study of how living things interact with one another, and their enviornment.

Change in phenotype occurs within individuals and over a short period of time. Response to environment and often reversible.

Change in genotype, occurs within generations and over a long-period of time

Most individuals survive to old age.

Most individuals face a constant risk of mortality at all ages.

Most individuals die early.

Body temperature is primarily controlled by the internal metabolic processes.

Body temperature is primarily controlled by external factors

Dark leaves, low growth, and horizontal leaves.

Reflective leaves, vertical, and taller.

How individuals within a species allocate resources to growth, reproduction, and survival based on genetic and environmental factors.

Organisms that reproduce once and die.

Organisms that reproduce many times throughout life-time.

organisms that produce many offspring, less-intense parental care, and have a shorter life-span. (insects, type 3 relationship)

organisms that produce few offspring but provide intense parental care and have a longer life span. (larger mammals, type 1 relationships).

The atmospheric process is driven by the differential heating of the sun across the face of the earth. It drives patterns of high precipitation in the thermal equator, forming the ITCZ and very low precipitation 30 deg. north and south.

body of water causes precipitation to fall on the windward side of a mountain range, while creating dry conditions on the leeward side, driven by topography and solar enegy.

Must of the sun’s solar energy is over the equator, causing an equal length in night and day.

Most of the sun’s path is farthest north or south, causing either longest day/shortest night or shortest day/longest night depending on which solstice.

self-feeding

other-feeding

resources devoted to one body structure, physiological function, or behavior, cannot be allotted to another

process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches

Maximizing the energy benefit to cost ratio of different feeding choices

symbiotic associations between plants and fungi. . The fungi form a network of threads that extend into the soil and effectively increase the surface area for nutrient absorption by the plant roots, facilitate the uptake of nutrients soil and transfer them to the plant. the plant provides the fungi with sugars and other organic compounds produced through photosynthesis.

A symbiotic bacterium that lives in the nodules on roots of specific legumes and that does a fixation of nitrogen into ammonia. rhizobia receive sugars from plants.

Abiotic conditions in which a species can survive and reproduce, determined by physiological tolerance.

Biotic conditions in which a species can survive and reproduce, based on species interactions.

Species Eveness and Speciess Richness

D = (p1^-p1)(p2^-p2)…

The amount of individuals in a species that survive from birth to age x

reprod. many small vs reprod. few large
metamorphisis early to not be prey vs. shorter legs (frogs)
foraging alot vs. being eaten from being out much

the relationship between the nutrient and the growth that was caused by it. That relative growth that u find to be higher in the graph is due to the fact that the nutrient was essential but previously limiting.

The gases and air that surround a planet

All water that is temporarily frozen in polar ice caps, snow, permafrost, and glaciers

all the water on earth

specific events, conditions in atmosphere over a short period of time

Avereage weather conditions over a long period of time

Earth’s Shape, Axial Tilt (Global Factors)
Rainshadow Effect (Reigonal Factors)

A band of clouds that form due to the thermal equator, or having the most sunlight intensity and moves as the earth rotates around the sun.

Area with the most intense solar energy

As the amount of sunligh increases, plants will invest more in the roots, increasing the root:shoot ratio.

Safety, nutrition and health

How organisms vary in adaptadions in order to survive.

C3, C4, and CAM

Plant growth is based by the amount of the resource that is most scarce compared to how much the plant needs.

P(predator eating prey) = P(Detection) x P(Capture) X P(Consumption)

When the chances of successfully reproducing again are low.

Births, Deaths, Immigrants and Emigrants. (BDIE)

Growth Rate

Carrying Capacity

Factors affecting population size that DO NOT depend on the number of organisms in the population, usually abiotic factors.

Factors affecting population size that DO depend on the number of organisms in the population, usually biotic factors.

The most common pathway, is about 85% of plants.
Mesophyll takes in carbon and produces sugar.
Energy efficient, but water ineff. (tree)

About 3% of all plants, separate CO2 uptake and building sugar in space (mesophyll cells take CO2 and bundle sheath cells build sugar) water eff. but energy ineff. (grass)

Separates CO2 uptake and sugar building in time. Opens pores at night to lose less water and fixes carbon. Closed pores in the day to release CO2. As energy ineff. as c4, but super water eff. (cactus)

Energy spent , capturing, consuming and digesting food also injuries from physical and chemical defenses

Energy content of prey

Nt = N0+B-D+I-E

dN/dt=rN

Nt = N0*e^rt

Genetic changes in populations over time

How the number of species found changes with area sampled

How the number of species found changes with number of individuals sampled

using light energy to convert water and CO2 into oxygen and carbos like sugars

Average number of offsrping an individual will produce at age class x, (# of offspring / age class)

The net reproductive rate; the average number of offspring produced per individual across their lifetime. (summation of lxmx)

Generation time; average age of parents across all offspring produced. (summation of Xlxmx / summation lxmx)

Glacial Melts increase the rising of ocean levels because it is frozen water from land to liquid water in the ocean

Ice Sheets increase the rising of ocean levels because it is frozen water from land to liquid water in the ocean

Sea ice slightly increase the rising of ocean levels because this water has already been in the ocean, but the salinity between causes a slight increase.

As a liquid warms, the molecules expand and take up more space, increasing (in this case) ocean levels.

The thermal equator is the center of the Hadley Cell, which produces the ITCZ, (which is also directly above the thermal equator) and is centered around the geological equator.

The amount of species in an ecosystem

Relative abundance of each species

0 degrees latitude, the widest circumference on earth between the two poles, does not move.

Trees involved in a wild-fire, amount of trees will determine whether or not the species will survive.

r (growth rate) = (ln r0) / generation

M/N = R/C

M = Marked in 1st Sample
C = Number Caught in 2nd
R = Number Remarked during Recapture in 2nd sampling.