LAB PRACTICAL 1

A chemical messenger that regulates specific body functions

A tissue cell that has a receptor protein on its plasma membrane or in its interior for a hormone to bind to

A protein that binds specifically with other molecules

1. Hypothalamus

2. Pituitary gland

3. Thyroid gland

4. Thymus

5. Adrenal glands

6. Pancreas

7. Ovary

8. Testes

9. Pineal gland

10. Parathyroid gland

Growth hormone

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Follicle-stimulating hormone

Luteinizing hormone

Prolactin

Antidiuretic hormone

Oxytocin

Calcitonin

Norepinephrine

Epinephrine

Interstitial-cell stimulating hormone

Thyroid hormone

Parathyroid hormone

1. FSH

2. LH

3. ACTH

4. PRL

5. GH

6. TSH

1. ADH

2. OT

1. ADH

2. OT

Releasing/Inhibiting hormones

Melatonin

TH

• T3 - Triiodothyronine

• T4 - Thyroxine

Thymosin

1. EPI

2. NE

collectively know as adrenaline

1. Zona glomerulosa - mineralocorticoids, primarily aldosterone

2. Zona fasciculata - glucocorticoids, primarily cortisol

3. Zona reticularis - gonadocorticoids, primarily androgens

Glucagon

Insulin

1. Estrogen

2. Progesterone

Testosterone

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

1. Renin

2. Erythropoietin

3. Calcitrol

Causes the secretion of estrogen (regulates menstrual cycle) in females & causes sperm production in males

Triggers ovulation in females, causes the endocrine cells of the testis to produce testosterone in males

stimulates the production of adrenal glucocorticoids (cortisol)

Stimulates milk production in females

Stimulates growth of all body tissues, especially skeletal muscle & bone; mobilizes fat

Stimulates thyroid hormone production

Stimulates kidneys to reabsorb water

Stimulates contraction of the uterus during childbirth and the ejection milk after delivery

Helps set sleep-wake cycle

Accelerates cellular metabolic rate; involved in glucose oxidation (breakdown of glucose into ATP & NADH)

Regulates calcium by lowering absorption (released in response to high calcium levels)

Involved in t-cell development & important for immune response

Adrenaline; chief adrenal medulla hormone

Adrenaline; 20-25% of medulla secretion

Assists the body to resist stress; depresses inflammatory & immune response; promotes gluconeogenesis (formation of glucose); mobilizes fat for energy; stimulates protein catabolism (break down)

Increase levels of Na+ & decrease levels of K+; blood volume and pressure rise

Controls male secondary sex characteristics

Raises glucose level of blood

Decreases glucose level of blood

Stimulates female secondary sex hormones

Necessary for normal sperm production

Decreases Na+ in blood, thereby reducing blood volume/pressure

Signals to red bone marrow to increase RBC produces

A: Parathyroid gland

B: Thyroid gland

A: Adrenal cortex

B: Adrenal medulla

A: A. pituitary

B: P. pituitary

1. Paraventricular nucleus

2. Hypothalamic neuron

3. Hypothalamus

4. Posterior lobe

5. Anterior lobe

6. Infundibulum

7. Supraoptic nucleus

8. Hypophyseal portal system

The anterior lobe, composed of epithelial tissue, is connected to the hypothalamus vascularly, via the hypophyseal portal system. Releasing/inhibiting hormones are secreted by the hypothalamus and circulate to the a. pituitary via the portal system.

The posterior gland is connected to the hypothalamus via the infundibulum and is neural/hypothalamic tissue that grows downward, maintaining a neural connection via the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract.

Erythrocytes - 45%

Plasma - 55%

• Water – 90%, acts as the dissolving solvent of blood & absorbs heat

• Electrolytes – most abundant solute, helps maintain normal blood pH

• Plasma proteins- 8%, help maintain water balance in blood & tissues

• Other substances (nutrients, gases, waste) are transported through the plasma

• Biconcave, anucleate disc

• 4-6 million

• Transports oxygen and CO2

• Spherical, nucleate cells

• 4,800-10,800

• Multilobed nucleus; inconspicuous cytoplasmic granules

• 3000-7000

• Phagocytize bacteria

• Bilobed nucleus; red cytoplasmic granules

• 100-400

• Kill parasitic worms; complex role in allergies/asthma

• Bilobed nucleus; large purplish-black cytoplasmic granules

• 20-50

• Releases histamine, a mediator of inflammation; contains heparin, an anticoagulant

• Spherical or indented nucleus; pale blue cytoplasm

• 1500-3000

• Mount immune response by direct cell attack or via antibodies (t-cells & b-cells)

• U-shaped nucleus; gray-blue cytoplasm

• 100-700

• Phagocytosis; develop into macrophages in the tissues

• Discoid cytoplasmic fragments containing granules; stain deep purple

• 150,000-400,000

• Blood clotting; seals small tears in blood vessels

Monocyte

Platelets

Eosinophil

Lymphocyte

Neutrophil

Basophil

Erythrocytes (RBCs)

Hematocrit is the percentage of RBCs in total blood volume. As a medical test it determines the amount of RBCs in the blood and can aid in the diagnosis of anemia or polycythemia.

Structure - consists of globin and four heme groups.

Function - a protein that makes RBCs red, binds & carries oxygen through the body

• A antigen

• B antibody

• Can receive A & O blood

• Can donate to A & AB types

• B antigen

• A antibody

• Can receive B & O blood

• Can donate to B & AB types

• A & B antigens

• No antibodies

• Universal recipient

• Can only donate to AB types

• No antigens

• A & B antibodies

• Can receive O blood

• Universal donor

Those who carry the D Rh antigen are Rh+, those who do not are considered Rh-. This must be considered when typing blood because Rh- blood types can only receive from other Rh- types.

Plasma antibodies attack & destroy the donor’s RBCs

A woman who is Rh- becomes pregnant with a Rh+ baby. During delivery, the baby’s Rh+ antigens can enter the mother’s bloodstream, creating anti-Rh antibodies. This can be prevented by treating the mother with RhoGAM during the pregnancy and delivery of her first baby. If she is left untreated and becomes pregnant again with another Rh+ baby, the anti-Rh antibodies can cross through the placenta and destroy the baby’s RBCs, thereby causing Erythroblastosis fetalis in the newborn

An abnormally high number of erythrocytes, may occur when less oxygen is available or EPO production increases

An increase in the number of leukocytes, results from a pathogen attack and may signal severe infection

Abnormally low WBC count, is typically induced by drugs

A group of cancerous conditions involving the overproduction of abnormal WBCs

Determines the percentage of RBC to the total blood volume; can help identify anemia or polycythemia

Determines the amount of hemoglobin, an oxygen-carrying protein, present in the blood; can help identify anemia

Determines the relative proportion of individual leukocyte types present in blood; can help identify abnormal white blood cell populations

Used to identify A & B antigens present on RBCs; prevents transfusion reactions from occurring

Used to identify if a specific Rh antigen is present in the blood; prevents transfusion reaction from occurring

The heart is about the size of a first and weighs less than a pound. It is located in the mediastinum and 2/3 of its weight lies left of the midsternal line. Its apex points towards the left hip & the base points toward the right shoulder. It rests upon the diaphragm.

1. Superior vena cava

2. Right pulmonary artery

3. Right pulmonary veins

4. Right atrium

5. Right coronary artery

6. Right marginal artery

7. Inferior vena cava

8. Right ventricle

9. Anterior interventricular artery

10. Left ventricle

11. Great cardiac vein

12. Left coronary artery

13. Pulmonary trunk

14. Left atrium

15. Left pulmonary artery

16. Aortic arch

1. Right atrium

2. Pulmonary valve

3. Tricuspid valve

4. Chordae tendineae

5. Papillary muscle

6. Right ventricle

7. Interventricular septum

8. Epicardium

9. Myocardium

10. Left ventricle

11. Mitral valve

12. Aortic valve

13. Left atrium