Studied by 14 peopleThe precision with which a control system maintains homeostasis is termed
gain
In protein synthesis, the formation of mRNA is called
transcription
What is a rate-limiting enzyme in the aerobic synthesis of ATP in the mitochondria?
isocitrate dehydrogenase
In negative feedback, the response of the system is
opposite to that of the stimulus
The products of beta oxidation are:
NADH/H+, FADH2, Acetyl CoA
A chemical messenger is released from one cell that stimulates nearby cells is an example of:
paracrine signaling
Body temperature increases slightly during exercise. This would have an effect of:
increasing enzyme activity
Energy to run a maximal 400-meter race (ie. 50-60 seconds) comes from:
a combination of aerobic/anaerobic metabolism, with most of the ATP coming from anaerobic sources.
The primary fuel source during light intensity (25% VO2 max) exercise is:
plasma FFA
After the first few minutes of constant load, submaximal exercise, VO2 reaches steady state indicating that:
the ATP demand is being met aerobically
The simplest and most rapid method of producing ATP during exercise is through:
ATP-CP system (phosphagen system)
The two most important hydrogen (electron) carrier in bioenergetic chemical reactions are:
NAD and FAD
The purpose of the Carnitine Shuttle (ie CAT-1 and CAT-2) is to:
transport long chain fatty acids into the mitochondrial matrix
The general components of a biological control system are the:
receptor, control center, and effector
Which of the following conditions would result in a higher EPOC
higher intensity of exercise
The accumulation of ____ would slow glycolysis by inhibiting its rate-limiting enzyme
ATP
Which of the following is true concerning VO2max
It is a valid measure of cardiovascular fitness
By definition, an endergonic reaction is
a chemical reaction that requires energy to be added to the reactants before the reaction will take place
When calculating the RQ, protein is often ignored. Why?
because protein generally plays a small role as a substrate
Elevated blood levels of lactate dehydrogenase may assist in the diagnosis of which medical condition?
myocardial infarction
The drift upward of VO2 during constant-load exercise in a hot environment is due to
increasing body temperature
The calculate efficiency for aerobic respiration is approximately
34%
What is the definition of a "motor unit"
a single motor neuron plus all the muscle fibers it innervates
During every skeletal muscle contraction what happens to the muscle fibers?
During every muscle contraction, muscle fibers change length
Steroid hormones exert their effect by
altering the activity of DNA
The breakdown of ATP in muscle is accomplished via the enzyme
myosin ATPase
Which skeletal muscle fiber type can generate greater tension, fast-glycolytic or slow-oxidative?
fast glycolytic
___ refers to the ability of a neuron to respond to a stimulus
Irritability
As a result of training, the sympathetic nervous system's response to a fixed sub maximal work rate
is decreased
The summing of many EPSPs from a single pre-synaptic neuron over a short time period is called
temporal summation
The mobilization of free fatty acids from adipose tissue and glucose from liver glycogen would be stimulated by
a decrease in insulin and an increase in glucagon
What protein is the principal component of skeletal muscle thick filaments?
Myosin
During exercise, blood glucose concentration is maintained by
elevated mobilization of FFA from adipose tissue, increased rate of gluconeogenesis, and blocking entry of glucose into cells
A hormone that is released from the pancreas at a higher rate during exercise to mobilize liver glucose and adipose tissue fatty acid is
glucagon
TypeIIb/x fibers have
high specific tension
In skeletal muscle cells, calcium initiates contraction by binding to:
troponin
Nerve fibers that conduct impulses away from the CNS are called
efferent fibers
An increase in blood temperature and a decrease in blood pH would result in ____ in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve
a rightward shift
The pacemaker of the heart is normally what structure
sinoatrial node (SA node)
What structures are part of the anatomical dead space
bronchiole, bronchus, terminal bronchiole
In which form is most of the oxygen carried in arterial blood
bound to hemoglobin
During exercise, there is a decreased flow of blood to:
the abdominal organs
Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood principally as
bicarbonate
in order to meet the increased oxygen demands of muscle during exercise, 2 major adjustments in blood flow must be made
an increase in cardiac output and a redistribution of blood flow from inactive tissue to skeletal muscles
What are the primary functions of blood plasma
transport of hormones, being osmotic in balance with red blood cells, providing clotting factors that are ready to be activated, having plasma proteins that exert an osmotic pressure favoring fluid absorption in to the capillaries
All gas exhange between the vascular system and tissues occurs in
capillaries
The primary purpose of the pulmonary system is
to provide an interface for gas exchange
Which of the following is the correct order of events pertaining to contraction of the left ventricle
The bundle branches depolarize, the ventricle contracts, the ventricular pressure increases, the aortic volume increases
Which of the following changes would most increase the resistance to blood flow in a blood vessel
halving the diameter of the vessel
T or F: Research demonstrates that respiratory muscle fatigue does not occur during exercise
false
During the cardiac cycle of an individual at rest:
the duration of diastole is greater than that of systole
The cardiovascular control center is located in the
medulla oblongata
In a healthy heart, the time spent in systole is generally
shorter than diastole
What is one function of the type II alveolar cells?
production of surfactant
Action potentials in the heart spread from cell to cell through:
gap junctions
Which of these correctly states differences between a trained athlete and a sedentary individual at rest?
The athlete would have a lower heart rate and larger stroke volume.
the muscle of the heart is referred to as the
myocardium
Note
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