Human Anatomy: Chapter 2

___ the science of structure and interactions of matter

___ anything that has mass and takes up space

___ amount of matter a substance contains, whereas weight is the force of gravity of acting on a mass

Exists in 3 forms: solid, liquid, gas

All forms of matter are composed of

Substances that cannot be split into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means

Elements are given letter abbreviations called

oxygen (65%)

carbon (18.5%)

hydrogen (9.5%)

nitrogen (3.2%)

Cclcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, iodine, and iron makes up how much body mass

What percentage is composed of trace elements

Aluminum, boron, chromium, cobalt, copper, fluorine, iodine, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, silicon, tin, vanadium, zinc

Chemical elements are composed of units of matter the same type called

Smallest unit of matter that retain the properties and characteristics of an element

Atoms contain: protons(p+) and neutrons (neutral charge)

Atoms contain: electrons (e-) surround the nucleus as a could (electron shells are designated regions of the could)

What makes up trace elements

How many =/what are the subatomic particles that atoms are composed of

Where are protons and neutrons located of an atom

How many electrons can the first outer shell contain of an atomic atom

How many electrons can the second shell contain of an atomic atom

Units of matter of all chemical elements are called

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

The number of protons and neutrons in an atom

Two or more atoms that have the same atomic number

An atom that has lost or gained an electron

Two or more atoms sharing electrons

A substance that can be broken down into two or more different elements

___ all lost electrons so they end up with a positive charge (hydrogen, sodium, calcium)

___ accepts electons/take electrons off and end up with a negative charge (chlorine, hydroxide ion, phosphate ion)

___ when atoms are held together by forces of attraction

The number of electrons in what's called ___ will determine whether an atom will form a chemical bond with another atom

How many electrons does the outer shell contain

How many electrons can the first inner shell contain

Electrons orbiting around the nucleus tend to spend most of their time in specific regions ___

Shell: no more than 8 e-

Shell: no more than 18 e-, although in some stability can be reached with 8 e- in ___

• have up to 3 shells

• can reach stability with 8 electrons

What do atoms have to do to their outermost shell to its maximum

___ may give up, accept, or share electrons with other atoms

giving up and accepting are found in___ atoms

Sharing covalent bonds are found in ___ atoms

In a chlorine atom, what is the outermost shell

In chlorine atom, one stable form can be reached with only ___ in the 3rd shell

___ atoms of a few elements have completely filled outer shells and do not gain or lose electrons

Helium and neon are examples of ___

___ when an atom loses or gains a valent electron, ions are formed

___ ions are attracted to one another

___ are positvely charged ions that given up one or more electrons

___ are negatively charged ions that have picked up one or more electrons that another atom has lost

___ formed by sharing valence electrons

___ are common and are the strongest chemical bond in the body

When atoms share the electrons equally; one atom does not attract the shared electrons more strongly then the other atom

Unequal sharing of electrons between atoms

This example is apart of: in a water molecule, oxygen attracts the hydrogen electrons more strongly

What is it called when one water molecule bonds with another water molecule

___ results from attraction of oppositely charged parts of molecules

Hydrogen bonds between water molecules give water ____

___ is the tendency of like particles to stay together

Hydrogen bonds can create ___

___ measure of the difficulty of stretching or breaking of a liquid

What occurs when new bonds form or old bonds are broken

___ starting substances

___ ending substances

___ capacity to do work

___ is stored by matter due to its position

___ associated with matter of motion

Energy can be neither crested nor destroyed but it can be converted from one form to another

___ the bond that's being broken has more energy than the one formed so the extra energy is released as heat

___ requires that energy be added, usually from ATP

The energy needed for a specific chemical reaction to occur

Amount of energy needed to disrupt the stable electronic configuration of a specific molecule so that electrons can be rearranged

All of the synthesis reactions in your body are called

___ two components bond to make a larger molecule

___ bonds between components of a larger molecule are broken, resulting in smaller products

___ bonds are both formed and broken

___ removal of electrons from a molecule

What is the result of oxidation reduction reactions

____ addition of electrons to a molecule

What results in an increase in the energy content of the molecule

Loss of electrons and energy released

Gain of electrons and energy gain

___ transfer electrons between atoms and molecules and always occur in parallel

___ usually lack carbon and simple molecules

___ turning water back into ions

___ breaking apart sucrose to break bond by the insertion of a water molecule (definition and example in one)

When you take glucose and frucose and eliminate water molecule

water is added to break bonds

Water is removed to make bonds

When you throw a salt, base, or acid into water what happens

When molecules of inorganic adids, bases, or salts dissolve in water, what do they undergo

A substance that dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions (H+) and one or more anions (negative ions)

Hydrochloride acid is an example of

Anything that will divide a cation and hydroxide anions

Dissociates into one or more hydroxide ions and one or more cations

Dissolves into cations and anions, neither of which is H+ or OH-

NaCl (arrow) NA+ + Cl-