Science 9-Unit E Astronomy

The first nations people of pacific northwest believed the north sky was a pattern on a great blanket overhead, which was held up by a spinning 'world pole' resting on the chest of a woman named Stone Ribs

Represents the longest and shortest periods of daylight

Summer solstice:June 21

Winter solstice:December 21

represents periods of equal day

Vernal Equinox:March 21st

Autumnal Equinox:September 22st

Geocentric model:Aristoles Model(Pythagoras and Euclid)Earth was at Centre

Heliocentric model:Copernicus model,(Galileo and Kepler) sun at centre, Brahe added ellipses, which basically is the way planets orbit.

Ellipses:Planet orbits the sun in an elliptical, oval, motion around the sun.

tells the passage of time(tells time)

Charts astronomical positions, and predicts star movements

Measures starts above horizon

Accurate chart of stars movements

measures angle between moon and stars

Allows us to see details in our neighbouring planets, and discover new ones. Also to see whats beyond our earth

Measures local distance in our solar system, uses the distance between centre of sun to centre of earth or 149,599,000km

Measures distances between galaxies, uses the distance light travels in one year, or 9.5 trillion km

Measures distance between stars and galaxies, about 3.26 lightyears.

Sun-8 minutes

light from pluto-5.5 hours

light from stars in the centre of universe-25,000 years

Rule

The more further away, the longer it takes to reach earth.

hot, glowing ball of gas, made up of mostly hydrogen, and some helium, hot stars of bluish/purplish, and colder stars are redish,yellowish.

They spend of their lives converting hydrogen into helium.

Very stable because of the outward pressure of radiation is counteracted by gravity

Starts off made up of gas and dust called interstellar matter and the stage is called nebulae.

Protostar happens when gravity acts on nebulae collapse and rotate, starbuilding is called fusion.

Stars get grouped into 2 different groups by their mass, massive stars, and sun like stars.

Also known as sun like stars, main sequence go like this

Nebulae→Sun like stars→red giant→white dwarf→black dwarf

Massive stars go like this

Nebulae→Massive stars→Red supergiant→Supernova→Black hole or neutron star

Grouping of stars we see as patterns in night sky

ex:ursa major

88 constellations

Grouping of stars, but not an official recognized as a constellation

ex:big dipper is apart of ursa major

Grouping of dust, stars, and gas held together by gravity, 3 types

-Spiral(our galaxy milky way, is a spiral galaxy)

-elliptical

-irregular

They are invisible to telescopes, but is only known through indirect method. We know they exist because when celestial bodies that get near black holes get very bright and very hot.

How solar systems become solar systems

1.cloud dust and gas starts swirling

2.90% or more of the dust and gas turns into sun

3.the rest circles the sun

Centre of solar system, surface is 5000 degrees, and centre is 15,000,000 degrees. A million earths could fit into sun

charged particles traveling pass 400km/s, earth is protected because of magnetic field

Orbits in narrow belt between jupiter and mars, scientists dont know where they come from

known as dirty snowballs, made up of dust and ice, and when ice melts it creates trail

Meteoroids, traveling in space, outside of earth’s atmosphere, meteors aka known as shooting stars entered earth's atmosphere but hasn’t hit ground, meteorites hit ground.

Moon passes between sun and earth casting shadow

earth travels between sun and moon casting shadow over moon.

compass direction, north is 0 degrees, east is 90 degrees, south is 180 degrees, and west is 270 degrees

how how in the sky 0-90 degrees

highest point overhead

planet comes from greek word for wanderer

ecliptic, path in the sky sun appears to move

celestial sphere, name given to imaginary sphere surrounding earth, aka the atmosphere

1. Speed: to travel fast enough to break free of Earth’s gravity & travel to other planets

2. Extreme environments: to keep equipment operating in space

3. Transport of people: safe travel back and forth

For an object to go to space, they must overcome the force of gravity which is 28,000km/h

for every action, there is an equal opposite reaction

rocket, engine, storage tank, and fins, makes up 3 percent

liquid oxygen, gasoline, and liquid hydrogen is ignited in a combustion chamber which causes gas to expand leave as exhaust, makes up 91% of rocket

materials that are needed for the flight, people, food, water, air, etc. Makes up the last 3%

Engines that are electrically charged and uses xenox gas. Accelerated and leaves as exhaust, which pushes rocket direction opposite of emission. Thrust lasts a long time, and only needs 1/10 of fuel

Like boats, they have sails that catches the suns lights, more specifically the photons(electromagnetic energy). The photons hit the sails and causes the spacecraft to move, these are 5 times more effective than rockets.

robots used for exploration of space

transport people, and equipment to orbiting spacecrafts

an orbiting spacecraft that people live in, work, and life supports systems needed to live in space for a long time

Serves as a permanent laboratory in space, and a command post for building and launching interplanetary rockets

Joint project of the US, Canada, Japan, Russia, Brazil and 11 other nations

Space is a vacuum with no water and/or air, cosmic rays, solar radiation, and getting hit by meteoroids can have damaging effects, no atmosphere so temperatures can be really hot or really cold, also means no pressure that regulates heartbeats.

Enclosed, small spaces shared by more than one person

Condition where forces acted on mass is greatly reduced, bones have less pressure causing them to expand, heart doesn’t need to pump as hard to regulate blood, muscles get weaken, and visual depth is effected.

Space suits are used when astronauts(people in space) leaves spacecraft. everything they need, needs to be brought with them, such as air, water, heating/cooling system, and portable toliet. Suits must be flexible enough to hold a wrench and to twist a bolt incase something of the spacecraft breaks, and has to be custom fit.

station must provide own power for energy for its own life systems.

Clean water, breathable air, and comfortable air temperatures and pressures must be provided

ISS recycles 100% of its water

Environmental Control and Life Support System functions:

Recycling wastewater (urine) to produce drinking water

Using recycled water to produce oxygen

Removing carbon dioxide from the air

Filtering micro-organisms & dust from air

Keeping air pressure, temperature & humidity stable

electrolysis uses energy to split water into hydrogen and oxygen, when it happens hydrogen is sent off into space, and oxygen is breathe in.

Satellites are objects that orbits earth, a natural satellite would be the moon. Artificial satellites are satellites we send out to orbit earth.

Communication: wireless technology

Observation & Research: monitor & forecast weather, follow ships at sea, monitor soil quality, track forest fires, report environmental change & search for natural resources

Remote Sensing: observe Earth’s surface, environment, natural resources, urbanization

Personal Tracking Devices: GPS (global positioning system) – uses 3/24 satellites to track you

Galileo but in 1608 Hans lippershey made one of the first telescopes

objects that gather and focus from stars;larger the area of lenses or mirrors, the greater the ability to see objects

Uses two lenses to gather and focus starlight.

1.Objective lense

2.Eyepiece lens

This limits how large it can be →Diameter has to greater that 1m causes the glass to warp under own weight

Uses mirrors to gather and focus light

1.Large concave mirror

2.Secondary flat mirror

-Mirrors made from glass-like material that has been coated with thin layer of metal(aluminum)

-Uses a spin casting technique to form large mirrors

-uses several lightweight segments to build one big mirror

-increases light gaterhing capability and resolving power(ability to distinguish details in an object)

Technique that combines 2 or more observations from telescopes to produce images that have better resolution than what one telescope could produce alone.

Light and air pollution, the weather clouds humidity and high winds

objects in space emit radio waves, infrared(heat) waves, and X-rays. Energy travels at the speed of light(300,000 km/s) but has different wavelengths and frequences from those light.

Measurement of distance from one point on the wave to the same point on the next wave

number of waves that pass a single point in one second

complete wavelengths over which electromagnetic energy extends

Radio waves give astronomers data not available from visible spectrum. Signals are mapped through a sophisticated electronics and computers

THey are made up of metal mesh, they have a shape of a satellite dish, curved inwards with reciever in the middle, the curved part intercepts and focuses the radio waves before transmitting it to a reciever. Waves are transformed into electrical signals that is fed into a computer to be interpreted.

Combining 2 small radio telescopes to achieve greater resolving power. Two or more radio telescopes is called an array

Umanned satellites or remote controlled lands that put equipment close to planets

they gather information about planets that optical and radio telescopes can’t

It uses the geometry of a triangle, measures the angles between the baseline of the object, and estimates distance to object.

shift of an object seen in two different places, used to determine objects distance from earth through triangulation.

white light shone through a prism seperated into different colours

black line patterns from stars known as spectra compared to spectra to elements to see what makes up the star