APES Ch5

top predator that control populations below it

become unbalanced

species richness and evenness

number of dif species

number of individuals within each of those species

closest to equator

• stable year round climate

• like tropical rainforest (high in productivity) --> more energy from sun (photosynthesis) to support more organisms

• higher competition with more energy

Yes; ecotone can have more diversity than in neighboring areas bc slightly dif microclimate

overlapping biomes

looks at how many niches, how they resemble/differ, how species interact/overlap

2 species that compete for exact same resources cannot stably coexist

using limited resource at dif time/place

normally live and thrive in a particular community

migrate, deliberately/accidentally

nonnative and displace native by outcompeting them

serve as early warnings of damage to a community or ecosystem

help determine types and numbers of other species in community --> helping to sustain it

can create and enhance habitats that can benefit other species in community

• habitat loss (draining wetlands) and fragmentation

• prolonged drought/climate change

• pollution

• increase in UV rays

• parasites

• viral/fungal disease

• overhunting

• natural immigration

2 species closely interacting with each other

"within" competing with own species

"between" competing with another species

regulates population size

• predator consume prey

• strengthen population by removing weak

adaptations that help predators find pray and adaptations that help prey avoid predators

• armor

• camouflage

• chemicals

• mimicry

(+-) parasite feeds off of / harms host but doesn't kill right away

adaptations for parasites to exploit host and adaptations for host to defend against parasites

parasite from within

parasite from the outside

(++) both species cooperate and both benefit

(+0) 1 species benefits, other not affected

when 2+ organisms directly try to limit access to a resource

when 1 group uses a resource faster than another, indirectly limits resource

when a cricket pretends to be an ant, hides his scent, lives in ant's home, gets fed

cowbirds and cuckoos: lays eggs in another species' nest

divergent evolution

evolutionary process where a beneficial adaptation can "displace" an older 1

ability of system to resist disturbances

• seen mostly in climax community

keeps population level stable

describe ecosystem's ability to recover after disturbance

appears to increase sustainability

fairly frequent, moderate disturbances produce greatest diversity

bigger = more diverse small = less resources --> higher extinction rate farther from mainland = less diverse, less immigration

gradual change in species composition of given area

allow 1 group of species in a community to replace other groups

establishment of communities in lifeless areas where there's no soil

• several centuries to thousands of yrs to produce soil

• physical weathering (wind/water/ice)

• lichen / mosses secrete acids

communities develop in places containing soil / sediment

• disturbances: forest fire, natural disasters, logging, mining, farming, fallen trees

simple

a fast-responding fast-growing species

• first to colonize a new area

• can tolerate wide range of temperatures / conditions

• generalist

community go through stages until stable point

• reset by another disturbance

• always changing / recovering

not orderly and can't predict

group of organisms of same species living in particular place at same time

number of individuals

number of individuals per area or volume

spatial distribution of individuals in a population

individuals clustered together --> most common

evenly separated individuals --> intraspecific competition

• scarce, evenly distributed resources

location of individuals independent of others

how fast population grows / declines depends on this

not mature enough to reproduce

those capable of reproduction

those too old to reproduce

population declines in future

births and immigration

(birth + immigration) - (death + emigration)

deaths and emigration

birth rate

death rate

individuals of population move in

individuals of population move out

how these factors change due to environmental stresses

population's capacity for growth

biotic potential and environmental resistance

rate of growth with unlimited resources

• many offspring

• reproduce early in life

• reproduce often

• short generation time

factors that limit population growth

max population an area can sustain without being degraded

tendency to grow exponentially (biotic potential) and tendency to not grow exponentially (limit growth) (environmental resist)

• doesn't take into account limiting factors

• only accurate prediction short period of time

• describes a population that increases rapidly after only a few generations

• move closer to carrying capacity (k)

• accounts for limiting factors

• birth/death rates nit constant

population crash

move, switch habitats, decrease in size

dependent on density of population ex: food shortage, disease

population reduced by factor not dependent on population size ex: natural disasters

fluctuates slightly above and below carrying capacity

explodes and then crashes to more stable level

fluctuates regularly

erratic changes (possible due to drastic changes to habitat) ex: insect populations in severe winters

predators hunt and kill prey, keeping prey population stable

prey are food source that determine predator population

reproduction without exchanging genetic material

• offspring exact genetic copies (clones)

reproduction with exchange of genetic material

• males not give birth (females need to produce 2 offspring to replace parents)

• increase chance of genetic defects

• courtship / mating rituals can be costly (energy)

• genetic diversity

• offspring protection

reproduce rapidly when conditions are favorable or new niche opens up ex: pioneer species

show how likely an organism is to survive at dif times in its life

late loss --> more likely to die late in life ex: humans or elephants

constant loss --> probability of dying not change throughout life ex: some birds and squirrels

early loss --> probability of dying is high when young but high probability of living to old age if survive ex: sea turtles, insects, oak trees

• species that produce many "cheap" offspring

• little / no parental care

• small, short-lived adults

• reach reproductive age rapidly

• type 3 survivorship

• species that produce few "expensive" offspring

• lengthy parental care

• high ability to compete

• reproduce later in life

• low ability to adapt to change compared to r strategists

• type 1 and 2 survivorship