CSD 1080 Final Exam Study Guide

Language disorder characterized by the breakdown in the ability to formulate, retrieve, or decode language

Most users of communication boards indicate their selection by _________

A breathy, monopitch voice would most likely be found in an individual with ________

Uncoordinated movement

Involved in:

• The prevention, identification, and evaluation of hearing disorders

• The selection of appropriate hearing aids for individuals with hearing impairments

• Habilitation & rehabilitation of hearing loss

Most common cause of aphasia

What type of disorder is aphasia?

• Speak in short or incomplete sentences.

• Speak in sentences that don't make sense.

• Substitute one word for another or one sound for another.

• Speak unrecognizable words.

• Have difficulty finding words.

• Not understand other people's conversation.

• Not understand what they read.

• Spoken language

• Written language

• Physical / sensory functions

• Cognitive changes

• Difficulty in naming things, objects, or people

• Word finding difficulty

• Patient will often “talk around” the missing word 

• I.e. circumlocution

• May perseverate on incorrect word even though they know it’s not the right one

• Word substitution

• Phonemic or semantic

Substituted word sounds like correct word

Substituted word has similar meaning or is associated to correct word

The use of words that don’t exist

a pattern of syntactically defective speech

Paralysis on one side of the body

affected side of the body is opposite the side of the brain

Weakness or incomplete paralysis on one side of the body

• Fluent aphasia

• Primary feature: Disturbed auditory comprehension

• Speech comprehension: Poor

• Spoken characteristics: Semantic paraphasis, jargon, poor repetition, impaired naming, meaning sentences are usually grammatical but often lack content 

• Non-fluent

• Primary feature: Impairment in expression

• Speech comprehension: Relatively poor

• Spoken characteristics: Short & a-grammatical sentences, slow & labored speech with articulation and phonological errors, poor repetition, poor naming

• Fluent

• Primary feature: Fluent & confluent features present to a severe degree

• Speech comprehension: Very poor

• Spoken characteristics:  Limited to a few spontaneous productions. Few words or stereotypes, poor repetition, poor naming

Relatively normal:

• Prosody

• Pitch

• Loudness

• Limited speech production

• Poor repetition & naming

• Effortful speech

Most severe aphasia type

• Recovery depends on the amount & location of brain damage 

• Recovery focuses on functional communication solutions

• Significant recovery can occur

• Recovery process begins within days of stroke

• Assisted recovery included a rehabilitation team of SLPs, PTs, OTs, etc.

• Looking for strategies that exploit strengths and minimize deficits

• SLPs, PTs, OTs, etc.

What proportion of TBIs are caused by motor vehicle accidents?

Is brain damage with TBI usually located in one small area?

Where can brain damage occur?

Injury due to impact, moving object hits stationary head

Injury on the side opposite to the impact, moving head hits stationary object

Do TBIs often result in a coma?

Individuals with TBI frequently exhibit ________ behaviors

• Voice & swallowing

• Speech & language problems

• Cognitive problems

• Reading & writing

• Behavioral & emotional

• Cognitive:

• Orientation

• Short & long term memory

• Difficulty maintaining attention & concentration

• Reasoning and problem solving

• Speech and language:

• Dystharia

• Language impairment (aphasia)

• Anomia & impaired comprehension 

• Problems with pragmatics

• Disinhibition: inability to stop certain inappropriate behaviors

• Behavioral/emotional:

• Mood swings

• Anxiety

• Depression

• Lack of motivation

• Inability to self monitor (denial)

• Impulsivity

• Difficulty with emotions

• Control and anger management

• Orientation

• Memory

• Listening comprehension

• Speech intelligibility

• Pragmatics

• Reasoning & problem solving

Treatment regimen designed to increase functional abilities for everyday life by improving the capacity to process incoming information

SLPs, OTs, PTs, etc.

• Repetitive activities to rebuild neural circuity

• E.g. classification tasks, word associations rehearsal, memory aids

Develop alternatives, since some functions will not be recovered

Beginning responses to environment in hospital - stabilization is the overriding goal

Goal is to reduce confusion & improve memory / goal - directed behavior

Goal is client independence

A motor speech disorder due to paralysis, weakness, or poor coordination of speech muscles

When you have ______ of speech, the messages do not get through correctly due to brain damage. You might not be able to move your lips or tongue the right way to say sounds. Sometimes, you might not be able to speak at all.

Is cerebral palsy a disease?

Can be the result of brain injury in fetal or infant development

Type of CP characterized by rigidity and reflex problems

Type of CP characterized by writhing movements

Type of CP characterized by uncoordinated movements

Breathy, mono pitch

Harsh, strained

Anyone who’s communication needs are not being met via speech alone. About 3.5 million Americans have communication disabilities and require AAC, with the prevalence rising

Individuals with congenital and acquired disabilities. Also helps anyone temporarily unable to speak

• Do not require any equipment, involve only the person’s body

• Signs, gestures, facial expressions

• Require some external equipment

• Low / light tech: picture board, alphabet board

• High tech: computer based devices with voice output

In ________, the individual directly selects the desired symbol

Ex: Pointing with a finger or body part, using a head pointer, eye gaze

Items are “highlighted” and the communicator signals to select desired item

Born with hearing loss

Acquired hearing loss

• private practice settings

• Hospitals

• rehabilitation centers

• Schools

  • Classroom acoustics a big focus right now

  • Kids don’t have processing ability to screen out extraneous noise the way adults do

• hearing aid companies

• Industry

  • E.g., hearing conservation programs ( such as coal mines)

An expert in hearing & hearing disorders

Vibrations traveling through a medium (such as air or water) that are audible

Sound is caused by _______

Physical characteristic, The vibrations / cycles per second

How is frequency measured?

The perceptual correlate of frequency, can be heard

When the ______ changes, we hear different ________

Increase frequency = _______ pitch

A tone of a single frequency

A tone containing two or more different frequencies, most everyday sounds

A pattern that repeats itself at regular intervals, relative to sound

A sound with no repetitive pattern

The extent of the molecules displaced during vibration

The perceptual correlate of amplitude

_______ is determined by the physical characteristic of intensity. The higher the intensity / ________, the greater the loudness

Measurement of sound pressure

The intensity (loudness) of a typical conversation

3 main divisions of the ear

• In outer ear

• Helps funnel sound to the ear canal and localize sound

• Starts at outer ear and ends in eardrum

• Increases the intensity of sound waves by concentrating them in a smaller area

• Stores ear wax (cerumen) to help keep the ear canal clean

• Also known as the eardrum

• Located in the middle ear space

• Is a cone shaped structure of tissue that concentrates sound at its center

• Sound waves hit the _________ __________, causing it to vibrate

• Lined with mucus membrane and filled with air, connect to Eustachian tube

• Otitis media is an infection of the middle ear caused by inflammation, usually from a cold

• Passageway for air to move in and out of middle ear

• Connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx

• Equalizes pressure in the ear

• 3 small bones in the middle ear

• Smallest bones in the human body

• Connect the eardrum to the inner ear and amplify the vibration of the eardrum

Malleus (hammer), Incus (anvil), stapes (stirrup)

Connect the eardrum to the inner ear and amplify the vibration of the eardrum

• Inner ear, part of the vestibular system

• Help the body maintain balance

• Primary inner ear structure

• Shaped like a snail

High frequency sounds stimulated at the ______

Low frequency sounds stimulated at the ______

Mechanical impulses are converted to ________ impulses

• Cranial nerve

• Carries electrical impulses from the cochlea to the brain

• The primary auditory area in the temporal lobe

an instrument used to measure hearing

using headphones; sound travels through outer, middle, and inner ear

• Bone oscillator on skull behind ear

• The bones of the skull vibrate and stimulate the fluids in the cochlea

• Assesses cochlear function because it bypasses the inner and outer ear

Quietest level of speech a person can hear and understand 50% of the time

• Also called Word Recognition Score

• Stimuli: 1 syllable words

• Presented at a comfortable listening level

• Calculate the % of words correctly repeated

• Measures impact of hearing loss on person’s communication

Measures automatic responses of the auditory system

• Measures movement of the tympanic membrane (eardrum) while changing the air pressure in the external auditory canal

• Measures pressure in the middle ear