Geog 1011 Exam 2

the internal processes that build the landscape and topographic relief, includes tectonic processes

external processes that tear down topography, includes erosion and mass movement

result from the interaction between processes that build up topography and those that rip it down

arrangement of natural and artificial physical features of an area

interacting  physical, chemical and biological processes that cause disintegration or breakdown of rock on the surface

No

Yes

the parent rock from which weathered regolith and soils develop (unweathered, unaltered material)

broken up rock typically found right above (surface) of bedrock, undergoes continual weathering

formed from weathered regolith

no change in the chemical composition, just disintegration into smaller pieces

igneous rocks formed underground that expand horizontally above ground when pressure is removed and create fractures parallel to the surface

Rocks at surface are subject to changes in temperature, causing rock and soil to expand and contract, creating cracks and sometimes breaks

Driven by water migration toward ice lenses in rock, force of slowly moving water in colder area breaks rock

water seeps into cracks, fractures rock, freezes and expands, wedges apart the rock. With repeated freeze/thaw cycles, rock breaks into pieces

Dry weather draws moisture to the surface of rocks in arid climates, water evaporates and dissolved minerals (like salt) in the water form crystals that grow over time and can break rocks

Roots enter crevasses and break rocks apart

root plate from tree is left behind, roots, rocks and sediments are forced from the ground

Yes, it creates a greater surface area for faster chemical weathering to occur.

green eyes, little ears

super big yellow eyes

the decomposition and decay of minerals in rock due to chemical alterations of those minerals

Water, it can dissolve at least 57 natural elements and their compounds

the absorption of water into the mineral structure of a rock. Can change the structure of the rock, causing swelling and expansion

Silicate materials chemically react with water and produce different compounds

Conversion between compounds causes interlocking crystal networks to break down, and they get super crumbly

certain metallic elements combine with oxygen to form oxides, changes the crystal structure of minerals. These rocks become weaker, and more prone to more physical and chemical weathering

This occurs when a mineral dissolves into a solution due to elevated pressures

occurs when water picks up carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and ground, forms carbonic acid, and results in chemical weathering that can cause caves, sinkholes, cliffs and steep-sided hills called towers

It’s important for agriculture, it releases nutrients from rocks that goes into the soil and water, releases potassium and phosphorus, increases water holding capacity in soils, and consumes CO2 from the atmosphere

Physical Weathering

Chemical Weathering

Character of the bedrock, climatic elements, aspect, vegetation

Weathering on slopes facing north, south, east and west. The aspect effects exposure from the sun, and is especially noticeable at middle or higher latitudes.

Vegetation can protect rocks from raindrop impacts, stabilizes soil reducing erosion, but can also destroy rock by roots entering rock and cracking it or can destroy rock as a result of organic acids from the tree root.

Water, air, organic matter, solid mineral particles

hexagonal columns from the surface to the bedrock, basic sampling unit for soil surveys

consists of consolidated rock, usually has little evidence of weathering

weathered bedrock (regolith) below the zone of greatest soil and biological activity

contains organic matter, main accumulation of dead plant and animal material (humus), microbes and other living creates, found above the mineral soil. Not found in every soil.

The topmost mineral layer, darker color, some organic material

zone of maximum leaching of minerals, washing out or eluviation by water. lighter color than horizon A (less organic material)

Accumulation or illuviation of minerals from washing in. Parent material is no longer discernible

helps indicate the composition and chemical makeup of the soil

the shape of soil peds (the smallest natural clump or cluster of particles in the soil) determines structure type. Could be crumbly, granular, platy, maddish or blocky

contains and excess of hydrogen atoms, deficient in calcium, magnesium, potassium or sodium. These soils are bad for crops, but can be treated with powdered limestone or chalk

Excess hydrogen atoms, high in calcium, magnesium, potassium, or sodium. Good for most groups because of plentiful nutrients

refers to the amount of pores, or open spaces, between soil particles

a function of the pore size of the material itself

results of biological, chemical and physical processes altering material

Soil scientist and UC Berkely. Sees soil as an open system, with properties that are functionally related. Developed CLORPT Equation

Refers to how soils are formed. Stands for: Climate, Organic material, Relief, Parent Material, Time

Humans increase erosion 10-40 times its natural rate

Hygroscopic Water, Capillary Water, Gravitational Water

bonds to soil particles, not available for plant use

the point where all water is hygroscopic, meaning there isn’t any water for plants

water held in soil pores against the fore of gravity. The only type available for plant use

the point where water is no longer being drained, the max amount of water held by soil after excess water drains away

water that drains through the soil by the force of gravity, not available for plant use

large soil pores that drain freely by gravity over time when water is added

Clay has a small grain size, more surface area for hydrogen bonding, more hygroscopic water and the highest wilting point

a larger grain/pore size, making it easier for water to drain out

the ease at which a fluid flows through a material. soil with larger pores are more permeable

Matter cannot be created or destroy, it is converted to other forms

The amount of CO2 in our atmosphere plays a critical role in our landscape. A rise in CO2 increases the greenhouse effect and warms the earth

The transfer of inorganic carbon between the atmosphere and carbonate rocks. It takes a long time on the geologic scale, and can be caused by chemical weathering, metamorphism and volcanism

Part of Pacific Ring of Fire, one of the largest explosions in the 20th, released 3 cubic miles of material: ash, magma, etc high up into the atmosphere

The amount of emissions from humans in 2015 was equal to 646 Mt Pinatubo eruptions

Transfers carbon between the atmosphere, living biomass and soils

Converts CO2 to organic matter

Release of CO2 in the presence of oxygen

Release of CO2 without the presence of oxygen

Methane combines with oxygen to form CO2 in the atmosphere

a graph that shows the ongoing change in the concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth’s atmosphere

agriculture

need more CO2 in order to grow. As a plant ages, it requires less CO2

Reducing CO2 released from fossil fuels, increasing carbon stored in vegetation, increasing carbon stored in soils

deforestation and the burning of plants and trees to create space for crops all increases CO2. converting land to agriculture also reduces soil carbon storage.

Causes greater runoff, higher evaporation, more extreme temperatures, reduced plant growth, reduced carbon storage in soil

land degradation/destruction of the biological potential of the land in arid, semi arid and dry sub-humid areas.

warmer temperatures, increased erosion, land degradation, deforestation, desertification

Soil that remains continuously frozen year round. When it melts, it releases CO2 into the atmosphere and increases surface temperatures

Exogenic

the movement of mass/material down slope under the influence of gravity

weathering weakens rocks and breaks them into smaller pieces which are more easily transported

a state at which erosion of rock and land is countered by an equal deposit of rock or land, resulting in no change to the geomorphology of a place

encourage movement

slows/stops movement

force exerted on an object by gravity (force = mass * gravitational acceleration [9.8 m/s^2])

normal force, cohesion, internal friction

causes increase in resisting forces when grains are packed or cemented together

a measure of frictional strength, resistance to space between mineral grains, in loose material, friction angle is close to angle of repose

the steepest angle that loose, dry material can collect without cohesion. due to grain on grain friction

exerted on a surface at a particular angle, uses Fn = W cos (angle), can be reduced through water addition

falls, landslides, flows and creeps

occurs in both rocks and soils, fast moving, materials fall through the air. Happens in dry conditions

A type of fall where individual pieces fall independently

a sudden movement of cohesive mass of regolith or bedrock that is not fully saturated with moisture, large amount of simultaneously falling rock at a range of speeds

These occur where clay rich materials are exposed on steep slopes, causes downward movement of block material down a surface/curve

type of landslide that occurs in a turning movement on a curved slip surface