Studied by 23 peopleSpain and Portugal were intense rivals in the colonization of ____. The tension forces The Pope to step in.
South America
Treaty of Tordesillas
1494
Early permanent colonies
Pedro Menéndez de Avilés in St. Augustine (Florida)
Jamestown
Quebec
Santa Fe
1st permanent European settlement
1565
Jamestown (present day Virginia)
1607
Quebec (Canada)
1608
Santa Fe (New Mexico)
1610
Reasons for European to travel
Booming population
Religious tension
Economic opportunity
Changes in farming
Primogeniture
Primogeniture
the right of succession belonging to the firstborn child, especially the feudal rule by which the whole real estate of an intestate passed to the eldest son
Southern, Plantation, Chesapeake colonies
Maryland (Many)
Virginia (Very)
Carolina (Cool)
Georgia (Grapes)
Two main reasons for Jamestown:
to find something profitable (gold)
find the Northwest Passage
The colonists at Jamestown were religious, but…
religion was not a reason for settlement
The Virginia Company was granted a charter from the king
permission
guarantees the right of all Englishmen
Jamestown
was settled about 40 miles inland
safer
easier to defend
however, swampy
Most of the colonists were single men who were not prepared for the hardships ahead-
starvation
attack
disease
poor water supply
After six months in Jamestown,
only 38 of 105 survive (36%)
John Smith arrives in 1608; brings
organize (Only)
sanitation (Snakes)
hygiene (Hate)
discipline (Doughnuts)
John Smith provides
relations with the local Native Americans
maps out the Chesapeake Region
“Those that do not work, do not eat.”
Quote by John Smith to lead Jamestown
Under Smith, Jamestown looks like it is on the right course and relations with the local Native Americans are mostly positive BUT….
Smith is injured in an explosion and returns to England. Jamestown settles back in to its old habits
“Starving Time” (1609-10)
harsh winters
relations with the Native Americans deteriorates
only 60 of 400 left
Spring of 1610, colonists begin to leave
meet up with new governor just arriving
Lord De La Warr
very harsh
war on Native Americans
Powhatan Wars 1 and 2
Powhatan War 1
1614
Powhatan War 2
1644
Native Americans:
Powhatans
shaky relationship with settlers
never united or organized
3 D’s:
disease
disorganization
disposability
John Rolfe (1612)
develops a popular type of tobacco
becomes major cash crop
Effects of tobacco as a cash crop:
plantation society (need much land, fewer towns, and schools; need large labor)
depletion of the soil
no economic diversity
need for indentured servants
“Headright System”
anyone who buys a share of the company or pays for a passage receives 50 acres
1st example of representative government
Virginia House of Burgesses
Into the 1620s (1624) the Jamestown region continues to struggle so
King James 1 revokes the charter (Royal Colony)
1st permanent England colony in North America
Jamestown
1st “propriety” colony
Maryland (1632)
Lord Baltimore arrives in 1634
becomes leader of Catholic Colony
Maryland was a very polarize (dividing) colony:
Catholics- rich estates but minority
Protestants- poor majority
Baltimore was afraid
Catholics would be persecuted
Act of Religious Toleration (1649)
In Maryland, only Christians have freedom of worship; harsh laws for Jews and Muslims
1st Law in America granting religious freedom
Act of Religious Toleration
West Indies cash crop:
sugar cane
Sugar cane
needed much more land and larger workforce than tobacco
greater % of slaves than present day U.S.
Ratio of black slaves to white settlers for sugar cane
4:1
Barbados Code
no legal rights for slaves (trial by jury)
unclear on necessary shelter, food
Owners had complete control of their slaves, even right to live
-horrible conditions in the West Indies for slaves
1st “restoration” colony
The Carolinas
Oliver Cromwell
beheaded Charles 1 and ruled in 1649
Charles 2
1660 “restores” the monarchy, Oliver Cromwell out of power
North Carolina
poor, small farms, tobacco, outcasts from Virginia
lumber and pitch (tar)
looked down on by Virginia and the south
South Carolina
large plantations
rice is the cash crop
largest slave population
Charlestion
Note
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