Physiology - Chapter 1

Contraction is the specific function of:

Skeletal muscle is considered

Skeletal muscle fibers are also known as

Nervous tissue includes neurons and the supporting cells known as

What are the three major types of muscle tissue?

Glands are derived from _________ tissue.

Exocrine glands secrete products into ______.

Endocrine glands secrete ________ directly into the blood.

Flat epithelial cells are characterized as _, cells that are TALLER than they are wide are characterized as _, and cells that are AS TALL as they are wide are ________________.

Capillary walls are ________ __________ ______________.

The type of tissue that covers surfaces, forms membranes and glands is:

Secreting mucus is the function of ________ cells.

Connective tissue includes:

Goblet cells can be found in:

Blood is considered ___________ tissue.

Where are ciliated epithelial cells are found?

The cells in cartilage are called ______________.

In addition to connective tissue proper, the other primary types of connective tissues are: _, _, and ___________.

The matrix of connective tissue is __________.

Intracellular fluid is approximately

What is the body's normal response when carbohydrates are ingested?

How does the graph show that the normal negative feedback control is NOT occurring in untreated Type I diabetes mellitus?

What makes a hypothesis scientific?

Match the example items with the correct primary tissue type: Neuroglia: ______________ Tendons: ________________ Cardiac: ________________ Simple squamous: __________________

Low levels of estrogen stimulate the release of GnRH from ___________.

After ovulation, progesterone is produced by _____________.

1. The DNA in the nucleus of cells makes up structures known as chromosomes. Chromosomes are divided into segments referred to as genes. Genes are very important because they encode an organism's genetic information. What does an organism's genetic information specify?

2. All _________ are composed of multiple tissues. For example, skin comprises specific types of muscle, nervous, epithelial, and connective tissues.

3. Alport's syndrome, a disease affecting collagen formation associated with basement membranes, will most likely affect which of the following functions?

Fluid contacting multiple blood cell membranes, connective tissue matrix, and cerebrospinal fluid is extracellular or intracellular compartment?

Fluid contacting mitochondrial membranes, fluid surrounding the cytoskeleton, cytosol, and ATP produced by the cell is extracellular or intracellular compartment?

What role does this tissue play in glucose regulation?

Which of the following statements regarding collagen fibers is false?

Calcium phosphate impregnating a matrix, which surrounds cells nourished by blood in canaliculi, describes which of the following?

The cells of which of the following tissues contain many nuclei?

Regarding the set point of a negative feedback loop, which of the following statements is false?

An increase in the heart rate when a person goes from a lying to a standing position results from _______.

Which of the following statements is false regarding sweating as a homeostatic mechanism?

An increase in plasma glucose concentration __________.

A decrease in insulin secretion and an increase in glucagon secretion ________.

What type of tissue is characterized by an abundance of extracellular material?

What type of tissue covers and lines the body surface?

A change from a set point is __________ in a negative feedback loop.

Which of the following hormones is released by the anterior pituitary as a part of a positive feedback loop between it and the ovary prior to ovulation?

Which of the following hormones, released by the corpus luteum after ovulation, creates a negative feedback effect on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary?

Which of the following ovarian hormones is involved in both positive and negative feedback loops with the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary?

The first step in the scientific method involves the formation of a(n) ________.

Phase ________ clinical trials maximize the number of test participants and include human participants of both sexes, different ethnic groups, and those who have health problems besides the one that the drug is designed to treat.

When blood glucose levels rise, the pancreatic islets are stimulated to release insulin, which acts on target cells to uptake glucose from the blood. Thus, the islets serve as the ________ in the feedback loop. Sensors Integrating center All of the choices are correct Effectors

Both ________ and ________ are the regulators of effectors in most feedback loops.

Homeostatic regulatory mechanisms known as ________ are "built-in" to the organs being regulated.

The normal range of blood glucose concentration after fasting is approximately ________.

When a vessel is damaged, chemicals are released from the vessel walls that attract platelets to the site of the damage. As they accumulate, more chemicals that attract more platelets to the area until the bleeding stops. This represents ________ feedback, with the platelets acting as the ________.

Which types of connections allow epithelial cells to form strong membranes?

Units of bone composed of concentric rings of lamellae with trapped osteocytes are called ________.

Epithelial tissues that are more than one layer thick are called ________.

Which glands are primarily responsible for thermoregulation?

Which of the following is a characteristic of smooth muscle?

The cells that secrete fibers and matrix that create bone tissue are known as ________.

Contraction of ________ muscle can be consciously controlled.

Cartilage cells are known as ________.

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the extracellular fluid compartment?

Adult stem cells may be found in ________.

How does the skin protect a person from the ultraviolet rays of the sun?

The zygote (fertilized egg) has the ability to produce all the various types of cells found in the body. Therefore, it is a(n) ________ cell.

The hypodermis is primarily composed of ________.

__________ is the study of biological function; how the body works

____________ concerns how disease or injury affects physiological processes

____________ ____________ studies the differences and similarities in the functions of invertebrates and vertebrates and has aided in the development of pharmaceutical drugs

For developing pharmaceuticals, research begins by studying the effects of a chemical on cells in vitro (in a ______ _). Next, studies are done in animals to see if the same effects occur in vivo (in a _ _____) and if there are any toxic side effects.

Explain each of the phases of clinical trials

Homeostasis is accomplished most often by ________ ____________ _______.

What are the three components of negative feedback loops?

Negative feedback loops moves in the ______ direction from the change and is a ___________ process.

_________________ effectors help maintain homeostasis by often maintaining by opposing effectors that move conditions in opposite directions

Does positive feedback work alone?

Regulation of processes within organs can occur in two ways?

The endocrine system releases hormones ______ the blood, which transports them to the target organ

What are the four major categories of tissues?

Muscle tissue: What are the three types of muscles that are specialized in contraction?

Muscle tissue: Skeletal Muscle is known for its ________ muscle. Also, it has visible ______ from sarcomeres.

Muscle tissue: What is a syncytium? Muscle tissue can produce a _______ response

Muscle tissue: Which tissue is found only in the heart? Fibers are _, branched, and interconnected both physically and electrically Striated, but very _ in structure and action from skeletal muscle

Muscle tissue: Is cardiac tissue voluntary? What are the specialized cell connections that allow passage of sodium ions between cells Can cardiac tissue produce a graded contraction>

Muscle tissue: Where is smooth tissue found? Is it striated? What is the coordinated, wave-like contraction of smooth muscle layers to more substances through the organs

Nerve Tissue

• Where is nerve tissue found?

• Composed of ________ and ___________

Nerve Tissue

• Neurons conduct impulses and have three parts which are?

• Neuroglia are supporting cells that do not conduct a ______ _________ but are essential for neuron function

Epithelial tissue

• Where is it found?

• Are classified by the number of layers? What are the two types?

What are the three types of shapes of epithelial tissues?

Simple squamous epithelium allows for rapid __________ as in the alveoli of the lungs. Simple cuboidal epithelium allows for ________ of substances as in various glands. Simple columnar epithelium allows for absorption as found in the wall of the _______ _____________.

For stratified epithelial tissue, what are held together by structures called? Explain keratinized versus nonkeratinized membranes?

Epithelial tissue: Exocrine glands are derived from _______ tissues and secretions are transported by _______.

Epithelial tissue: Secretory portions may be tubes or _____ groups. What are the two types of sweat glands?

Epithelial tissue: Do endocrine glands have ducts? Examples of endocrine glands?

Connective tissue is characterized by a _____ made up of protein fibers, extracellular material, and specialized cells. What are the four major categories of connective tissue?

Connective tissue proper is composed of protein fibers and a ___ - ______- ground substance. What are the four subtypes?

Cartilage connective tissue is composed of cells called ____________ surrounded by a semi-solid ground substance. Serves as a template skeleton during _____ ______________. Found in _ to provide a gliding surface for bones.

Bone: cells called ____________ trap mineral salt, forming concentric layers of calcified materials around a canal filled with blood vessels and nerves. Once the matrix has hardened, the cells are called osteocytes and live in spaced called ____________.

Stem Cells What are the three embryonic germ layers? Zygotes are _, which means their cells can become any type of cell. These are true stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are _ - can form any type of unrelated cells

Intracellular: area inside the cells; contain _____% of total body water