Chemistry IGCSE

Order of fractions in refining petroleum (top to bottom):

Refinery gas use:

Gasoline uses:

Naphtha uses:

Kerosene uses:

Diesel oil uses:

Fuel oil uses:

Lubricating fraction uses:

Bitumen uses:

Cracking alkanes:

Cracking alkanes process:

Identification of alkenes:

Hydrogenation reactions:

Hydration reaction:

Combustion of alkanes:

Substitution reaction between alkanes and chlorine:

Polymerisation of alkenes requires:

Anhydrous copper (II) sulfate colour:

Hydrated copper (II) sulfate colour:

Anhydrous cobalt (II) chloride colour:

Hydrated cobalt (II) chloride colour:

Source of nitrogen for the Haber process:

Haber process:

Source of hydrogen for Haber process:

Typical conditions of the Haber process:

Contact process:

Source of sulfur dioxide in Contact process:

Source of oxygen for Contact process:

Typical conditions for the conversion of sulfur dioxide to trioxide in the Contact process:

Acidified KMnO4 colour changes

Aqueous Potassium iodide colour changes

Catalytic converter catalyst

Avogadro constant (number of particles per mol)

Electrolysis of molten lead(II) bromide

Electrolysis of concentrated aq. sodium chloride (brine)

Electrolysis of dilute sulfuric acid:

Electrolysis of aq copper (II) sulfate with non-copper electrodes:

Electrolysis of aq copper (II) sulfate with copper electrode:

Solubility of sodium salts

Solubility of potassium salts:

Solubility of ammonium salts:

Solubility of nitrate salts:

Solubility of chloride salts:

Solubility of sulfate salts:

Solubility of carbonate salts:

Solubility of hydroxide salts

Add dilute acid, CO2 bubbles

Acidify with nitric acid, add silver nitrate. White precipitate formed (AgCl)

Acidify with nitric acid, add silver nitrate. Yellow precipitate formed (AgI)

Acidify with nitric acid, add silver nitrate. Cream precipitate formed (AgBr)

Add NaOH, add aluminium gently. Ammonia formed.

Acidify, add barium nitrate. White precipitate (Barium Sulfate) forms

Add dilute HCl, warm gently. SO2 produced.

White precipitate. Clear solution. Soluble in excess.

White precipitate. Insoluble in excess.

Red brown precipitate, insoluble in excess

White precipitate. Insoluble in excess

Nothing

Greenish precipitate, insoluble in excess.

Greenish precipitate, insoluble in excess

Blue precipitate, insoluble in excess

Turquoise precipitate, dark blue solution in excess.

Green precipitate in clear solution, insoluble in excess.

Greenish precipitate, insoluble in excess.

Orange-brown precipitate, insoluble in excess

Orange-brown precipitate, insoluble in excess.

White precipitate, clear colourless solution, soluble in excess,

White precipitate, colourless solution in excess

Turns damp red litmus paper on top of container blue

Limewater turns milky

Lit splint, squeaky pop

Glowing splint relights

Turns acidified KMnO4 from purple to colourless

Bleaches damp litmus paper

red

yellow

lilac

red

green

blue-green

• Allotrope of carbon

• Each carbon atoms forms covalent bonds with 3 others, forming hexagons of strong bonds

• The atoms each lose the fourth electron, which stays between layers and holds the layers together with weak electrostatic forces

• Allotrope of carbon

• Each carbon atom forms 4 covalent bonds with 4 other atoms

• Forms a tetrahedron

• Each silicon atom forms covalent bonds with 4 oxygen atoms, and each oxygen atom forms covalent bonds with 2 silicon atom

• forms tetrahedron structure

reacting sulfur dioxide in flue gas with calcium oxide to remove sulfur

1/2000

Mass number

Proton number

• high melting and boiling point (strong intermolecular forces between oppositely charged ions)

• conduct electricity when molten/aqueous

• strong intramolecular forces

• weak intermolecular forces

• low boiling and melting point

• electrical insulator

provide a pathway that needs less activation energy

CuSO4.5H2O

CoCl2.6H2O

Short chain: blue flame, little smoke

Long chain: yellow smoky flame