Grade 11 - Physics Semester 1

that all particles are constantly moving.

particles are not vibrating and have no energy.

-273.15°C

internal energy of an object due to kinetic energy.

The higher the temperature

measurement of an average kinetic energy of an object system.

energy of movement, based on work required for an object to move between 2 points.

thermal energy that transfers from a 'hot body' to a 'cold body'

kinetic energy (K.E) + potential energy (P.E) = K.E & P.E

heat is transferred through contact between particles. A higher vibrating gives energy to a lower vibrating particle.

bodies or currents of particle redistribute due to density. A fluids heat up they expand and get less dense.

heat energy is transferred as wave energy (electromagnetic waves). It may transfer through a vacuum.

transformation to kinetic energy of particles.

an increase in temperature

change of materials state, eg; solid liquid or gas.

emit radiation

the radiation output initially increases, however it will vary.

potentially, heat loss has occurred.

conduction, convection, and radiation.

the amount of energy required to heat 1kg of a material by 1°C.

Q ∝ m, where m=mass and Q= heat energy.

when m changes, Q changes in the same way.

more heat energy is needed

When matter changes state (solid, liquid, gas) molecular bonds are restructured. the bond restructuring requires energy for bonds and forces to form/breakdown/rearrange. While this occurs, additional energy does not affect the average kinetic energy, thus the heat energy, meaning there is no temperature change. The process of changing state/ phase change requires energy gain/ loss as the material/ medium has a change in P.E.

hidden energy, which is unique for every material/ medium. This is the required P.E during phase change.

the process of measuring the amount of heat released or absorbed during a chemical reaction.

objects in thermal contact will eventually reach a thermal equilibrium.

the ability to transform into another form of energy.

created or destroyed

particles undergo a change. At the micro level, bonds and vibration of particles change. At the macro levels object transform by possibly moving, rotating, rolling etc.

energy used for the object to transform.

energy is always conserved, irrelevant of the transformation. Total energy remains constant. Law of conservation of energy is always obeyed.

'lost' to the environment as heat/sound/friction

how effective a system or action may execute the required operation

2000, heavier

gravitational force (gravity), electromagnetic force (ESF), strong nuclear force (SNF), weak nuclear force (WNF)

electrostatic (ESF), electro repulsive, or coulomb force

repel

non-contact force

proton on proton; a way of describing the interaction.

repulsive force

attractive force (ESF)

strong nuclear force

gravitational force

a contact force

femtometre, (a quadrillionth of a metre).

ESF within 1.5 fm.

the nucleus

larger nuclides become less stable

protons cannot touch each other which causes an imbalance in SNF and ESF, causing the isotope to be unstable.

stability of nuclides, binding nucleons

plots of all stable and unstable isotopes.

positrons are emitted from protons, causing the proton to become a neutron

move left or up

positive leptons

an elementary particle of half-integer spin that does not undergo strong interactions.

heavier and the ESF increases

neutrons emit an excited electron, and becomes a proton

(e- decay or β- decay)

the nucleus needs to get rid of mass or energy

right and down

more SNF and more neutrons than protons

natural radioactive decay (emission) may occur

alpha decay, beta (+ or -) decay, gamma emission (U1-4) and other forms.

less likely to undergo radioactive decay

energy emission for stability, and sometimes particle emission for stability

nuclide before decay

nuclide after decay or emission

nucleus mass reduces, however the atomic number doesn't change

nucleus mass and atomic number reduces, therefore the particle changes, eg, carbon to boron.

the answer should have the same number of digits as the least accurate number in the operation.

relative uncertainty

1/2 x (increment)

(abs unc/ measurement) x 100

calculate the (T=gradient (m) + y-intercept) of the l.o.b.f, minimum line and maximum line. Then calculate the absolute uncertainty of the gradient (Abs Unc Gradient (m) = (max gradient-min gradient)/2). The final equation is then, T = ((l.o.b.f m) ± m)t + ((l.o.b.f) ± Abs Unc of y-int)

You must calculate the gradient with the formula T=kt, and explain the relationship using x ∝ y.

max-min/2

T = kt, where k is the gradient and t is the y-intercept

positive, negative, linear, constant rate of change

0 Kelvin = -273°C

Q = mc∆T

Q = heat energy (if Q>0J, temp increases, if Q<0J, temp decreases) m = mass (kg) c = specific heat capacity (Jkg-10 C-1) ∆T = Tf-Ti (change in temp)

Q = mLv and Q = mLf

Q = heat energy (joules) m = mass (kg) Lv = Latent heat of vaporization (Jkg-1) Lf = Latent heat of fusion (Jkg-1)

Lv the amount of energy per kg required to change a substance from/to liquid state to/from gas state. Lf is the same except from/to solid to/from liquid state.

Total energy of Q1 = Total energy of Q2 Q1T = Q2T

∆Q1 = -∆Q2

∆u = Q±W

η = (energy output/energy input) x 100

The mass is 2 protons and 2 neutrons, and it has a +2 charge.

The mass is 1 positron, and it has a +1 charge.

The mass is 1 charged electron, and it has a -1 charge.

Gamma emission are waves, therefore there is no mass or charge.

the capability to remove electrons from atoms and molecules in the matter through which they pass.

From highest to lowest it goes, alpha, beta +, beta -, gamma.

the power (length) of an electron beam transmitted for a substance.

from highest to lowest it goes, gamma, beta -, beta +, alpha.

are blocked/deflected

have minimal deflection