GEOLOGY LAB FINAL WOOOOOO

A region that has a particular geomorphology that is significantly different from that of adjacent regions.

refers to the physical features and processes of landforms, and their relation to geological structures

Coastal Plain

Piedmont

Blue Ridge

Valley and Ridge

Appalachian Plateau

A geological boundary that separates the Piedmont region from the Coastal Plain region of Georgia. Characterized by series of waterfalls, the start of major river systems (Oconee, Flint, Chattahoochee, Ocmulgee, Savannah). MILLY IS LOCATED ON THE FALL LINE

Flattest province, Slopes gently seaward from inward highlands in a series of terraces youngest georgia province, begins at fall line, Characterized by softer sediment and deep navigable rivers (sedimentary rock)

Located above the fall line, more streams rather than rivers, Highly complex metamorphic and igneous rocks thoroughly weathered to produce an area of minimum relief (schist, gneiss, granite), Elevation increases slightly in this area as you go up towards the north of ga

Top right corner of ga, mountainous area, Made of highly deformed metamorphic rock (schists, gneisses, slates, quartzites)

Series of anticlines and synclines (older strata->younger strata->older strata) due to folding and erosion, Limestones, shales, conglomerates, sandstone

1. inorganic

2. naturally occurring

3. solid

4. crystalline structure

5. definite chemical composition

1. Color

2. Streak

3. Luster

4. Diaphaneity

5. Cleavage

6. Fracture

7. Hardness

8. Odor

9. Taste

10. Feel

11. Chemical Reaction

12. Specific Gravity

13. Magnetic

color of a mineral when powdered

can determine what kind of crystal it is

appearance of a mineral in reflected light (metallic or non-metallic)

the ability to transmit light

the mineral will break along a plane of weakness (smooth flat surface); For 1 plane, look for sheets like a paper stack,For more than 1 plane, look for staircases, Some minerals can have same # of planes, When this occurs we look at the orientation, Orientation is either “90°” or “not 90°”

when minerals do not have a plane of weakness and do not break along a flat surface (ex. hackle, conchoidal, irregular)

relative resistance to scratching…

the distinct smell of a rock

the distinct flavor of a rock

the distinct feel of a rock such as, grainy, greasy, soft

it bubbles when an acid is added

ratio of minerals weight to that of water

presence of iron in a mineral

Silicates \n Carbonates \n Oxides \n Sulfides \n Halides \n Native Elements

Mineral composed of a single element

Cu - copper, S - sulfer, C - graphite, C - diamond

silicon (Si) + oxygen (O2), most abundent element in earth’s crust, comprises 90% of common rock forming minerals

Oxygen (O2) + one or more metals

Subgroup of Oxide group, Hydrogen bonded to Oxygen, (OH-) + Metal, Contains hydroxyl anion (OH-)

deposit in Earth’s crust that contains \n one or more minerals with value

Sulfur (S) + Metal, for example, galena and pyrite

Carbonate (CO3) + other elements

includes elements of Chlorine and Fluorine

When molten rock crystallizes, “Ignis” is latin for “fire”, Plutonic (Magma) vs Volcanic (Lava)

Cooling period – Fast or slow?

Texture – Big crystals, Little Crystal, no crystals? \n Composition – Mafic, felsic, intermediate?

Intrusive - cooled slowly, under earth’s surface, large crystals

extrusive - cooled quickly, on the Earth’s surface, very small crystals

cooling period determines textures

phaneretic, aphentic, porphyritic, vesicular, pegmatite, pyroclastic, glassy

Large crystals

Very small crystals

Both Large and small Crystals ( cools intrusive then extrusive )

Gas rich rock that forms air pockets during cooling \n process

Only Pegmatite – Very Large crystals

from ash and Volcanic material, (Fire + Broken)

When Lava flows into water - Cools super \n quickly

mafic, felsic, intermediate, and ultramafic

Dark colors \n Rich in Iron and Magnesium \n Denser material like mantle \n Mainly within Oceanic Crust

light in color \n Rich in Silica, Potassium, and Sodium \n continental crust

Mixture of both light and dark minerals

Has the lowest amount of silica

the lithification of accumulated sediments, “Lithos” is Greek for rock, which occurs through compaction and cementation

the crystallization of precipitation materials

erosion and weathering

1. clastic

2. evaporates

3. organic

4. carbonate

clastic type - clastic texture

evaporate - crystalline texture

organic - bioclastic texture

carbonate - oolitic limestone, intraclass limestone, fossiliferous limestone

Conglomerates: Rounded bits of rocks

Mudstone: Made of mud sediment

Breccia: Angular bits of rock

Sandstone: Made of bits of sand

Shale: Made of mud and clay sediment and Have layers

Form as water evaporates \n Gypsum and Halite precipitate out and “grow” in their depositional \n Env and exhibit crystalline structure

Plant debris compacted into sedimentary layers \n Composes of pre-existing plant materials (Bioclastic texture

Calcite is the major component – it fizzes with HCL \n Limestone – primary rock on “Carbonate Platforms” \n Indicate Marine environments \n Shallow, warm, tropical regions that lack silicate minerals

Micrite – Fine grained carbonate mud (crystalline Texture) \n Coquina – Composed of broken shells (Bioclastic Texture) \n Chalk – come from plankton shells in deep water (Bioclastic Texture

when a rocks internal structure and texture changed to anothe

Rocks that have gone under physical or chemical changes due to exposure to heat and pressure

Comes from geothermal gradient and magmatic intrusions

magnetic intrusions and Geothermal Gradients

(nearby magma can increase the temperature

Beneath the Earths surface, as the depth increases, temperature increases

direct and lithostatic

the parent rock, a rock that will become a new rock, often sedimentary rocks.

foliated and non foliated

Exhibit Parallel arrangement of platy materials, Minerals aligned \n perpendicular to major axis of stress, lithostatic pressure,

lack parallel arrangement, some minerals will not align such as \n calcite and quartz, some will change with lots of heat and minimal pressure

Campus, county, highway

Remote sensing and compute processing, Photographs, radar images, false color images, GIS, ect.

North and South of Equator

East and West of Prime Meridian

Each degree is divided by 60 minute, Each minute is divided by 60 second, Each degree is equal to approximately = 69 mile

3305’00’’ North of the equator

map has “large” detail on smaller area; smaRatio is smaller

map has “small” detail over larger area; ratio is larger

How long it takes something to decrease by half of its original amount.