Introduction to Astronomy Test 1

The branch of science that deals with celestial objects, space, and the physical universe as a whole.

A model of the universe in which Earth is at the center of the revolving planets and stars.

the belief that the sun is the center of the a Solar System

Created the first Heliocentric model of the Solar System

calculated the circumference of the earth with astounding accuracy

By using Ptolemy's tables, astronomers could accurately predict eclipses and the positions of planets.

Produced a mathematical model of the Universe in which the Earth and other planets rotated around the Sun.

Argued that Earth takes one year to orbit the sun and wobbles gradually on its axis.

Created Kepler's 3 Laws of Planetary motion

(1) every planet's orbit is an ellipse with the Sun at a focus;

(2) a line joining the Sun and a planet sweeps out equal areas in equal times

(3) the square of a planet's orbital period is proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit ( the further from the sun a planet is the longer its orbit will take)

Created the classifications of galaxies as well as the Idea of Redshift

a galaxy with a bulge in the middle and arms that spiral outward in a pinwheel pattern

spiral galaxy in which a bar of material passes through the center of the galaxy, with the spiral arms beginning near the ends of the bar

A galaxy shaped like a round or flattened ball, generally containing only old stars

A galaxy that has an undefined shape; irregular galaxies have large numbers of young stars and greats amounts of gas and dust are usually found near larger galaxies.

blueshift- a galaxy that is moving toward us will have shorter light wavelengths, and spectral lines appear bluer

redshift- a galaxy that is moving away from us will appear to have longer light wavelengths, and spectral lines appear redder

first to use a refracting telescope to make important astronomical discoveries. Very well known for modifying types telescopes.

Theory of special relativity that expresses the fact that mass and energy are the same physical entity and can be changed into each other. E= mc2

Photon theory of light- Light acts like particle/ wave

• Light acts like particle/ wave

the speed of an object in space, depend on the distance between it and another body.

study of the Universe's Origin, Life, and end

The theory that the universe originated in a huge explosion that released all matter and energy. This theory also states everything in the universe is expanding away/ outward.

the changes in size, luminosity, temperature, and chemical composition that occur as a star ages, over its life cycle. ( its life cycle is based on the stars mass

Step 1: Large cloud of gas (Nebula)

Step 2: Forms protosun.

Step 3: Nuclear fusion causes light and energy to be released.

Step 4: Enters Main Sequence

Step 5: Forms into a Red Giant

Step 6: SuperNova

Step 7: White Dwarf

Step 1: Large cloud of gas (Nebula)

Step 2: Forms protosun.

Step 3: Nuclear fusion causes light and energy to be released.

Step 4: Stars enter its Main Sequence.

Step 5: Forms into a SUPER Red Giant

Step 6: Produces a Supernova

Step 7: if mass is too low it will become a Neutron Star, if mass is too high the star will collapse into a black hole

a graphical tool that astronomers use to classify stars according to their luminosity and, temperature used to determine a stars evolutionary stage, spectral type, and color

any star that is fusing hydrogen in its core and has a stable balance of outward pressure from core nuclear fusion and gravitational forces pushing inward.

a star burning hydrogen into helium in a shell around the core, a large star of high luminosity and low surface temperature

A star that has used up all the hydrogen and is now using helium as a fuel. It creates heavy elements and has a mass much greater than the Sun. Extremely high luminosity with a very low temperature

A small, hot, dim star that is the leftover center of an old star

a bluish star that has a high surface temperature, a large diameter, and a HIGH luminosity

brightness of a star compared to the sun

Expansion of the universe will NEVER STOP!! If our Universe's density isn't enough for Gravity to stop it from Expanding forever. This will result in the Big Rip!

Expansion will slow down and eventually stop its Expansion and eventually will begin Contraction where it will then collapse inwards back into the original point of the Universe's Origin. Resulting in the "Big Crunch"

Expansion will continue however it will slow, as objects slow for an infinite amount of time, all stars will explode leaving the Universe to eventually be left cold, dark, and frozen, this outcome is known as the Big Freeze.

the complete range of electromagnetic waves placed in order of increasing frequency

the distance between corresponding points on adjacent waves, the distance between two crests of a wave.

the number of waves that pass a given point over a period of time

distance between the resting position and the maximum displacement of the wave (The height of a wave)

as Wavelength decreases the frequency of a wave goes up. and as Frequency goes down wavelength increases. This is an inverse relationship.

400-700 nm, ROYGBIV. The very small section of the electromagnetic spectrum that the human eye can perceive

Electromagnetic waves with the longest wavelengths and lowest frequencies, we can use Radio telescopes to see planets and galaxies that cannot be seen with the human eye

CMB or Cosmic Microwave Background radiation. we use this as evidence for the big bang and this background radiation is like the shock wave of the big bang

Infrared radiation is mostly derived from massive amounts of heat. we use this radiation to locate large amounts of heat within our universe.

one of the closest to visible light and is on the blue end of the spectrum. Temperature, distance, and composition of objects and places in space can all be determined.

This specific radiation is helpful for locating stars which are releasing large amounts of energy.

Electromagnetic waves with the shortest wavelengths and highest frequencies, used to measure EXTREMELY HIGH amounts of energy

radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, x-rays, and finally gamma rays

device that contains a prism and displays the total visible spectrum if there is a source which emits white light. if the object does not emit white light you will instead see a different spectrum of light.

The lines of visible light emitted by elements. every element creates a DIFFERENT bright line spectrum.

as light in space passes through a gas depending on the element the gas is, it will absorb specific wavelengths of light creating dark lines on the visible spectrum.

Nebulas or star clusters

the ratio from a sphere to a stretched disk.

Speeding up

"S"

"SB"

"SO"

"E0"

"Irr"

False

Galaxies

True

shape

13.7 billion years old

Lowed energies

It's arms

beginning

Dark Matter