EEB384 Midterm

not all crown group members included (e.g., birds excluded from reptiles)

group derived from more than one MRCA (e.g., herps = amphibians and reptiles)

anamniotic egg, thin skin, metamorphosis

amniotic egg, scaly skin

embryo protected by amniotic membranes that conduct active gas exchange and prevent dessication

elongate trunk/tail, mostly 4 limbs, ancestrally biphasic

short trunk no tail, 4 limbs, ancestrally biphasic

elongate trunk short tail, limbless, reduced eyes, chemosensory tentacle, ancestrally biphasic

elongate trunk/tail, 4 limbs, oviparous, exhibit parental care, aquatic or semiaquatic

shell, 4 limbs, oviparous, pelvic/pectoral girdle inside ribcage/skull, terrestrial aquatic or semiaquatic

medium trunk/tail, oviparous, carnivorous, terrestrial or nocturnal

variable trunk/limb dimensions, 4 or 2 or 0 limbs, terrestrial arboreal or semiquatic, herbivorous to carnivorous

very elongate trunk, short or long tail, terrestrial/arboreal/fossorial/semiaquatic/aquatic, oviparous origins, strictly carnivorous

taxa that are indistinguishable morphologically

aquatic sarcopterygian fish with robust pelvic/pectoral girdles and a free neck

lissamphibians lie within the temnospondyl amphibian clade

lissamphibians lie within lepospondyl

lissamphibians are polyphyletic - frogs/salamanders are temnospondyls, caecilians are lepospondyls

bicuspid + pedicellate teeth, operculum sound transmission apparatus, skin contains mucous and poison glands, retractor/levator muscles in eye can retract/elevate eye, short ribs don't encircle body

no limbs/appendicular girdle, annuli muscle rings, tentacle sensory organ, tail reduced/absent, internal fertilization via phallodeum

costal grooves, larvae have bony skeletons, no tympanum/middle ear cavity

extremely reduced skull, fused frontals/parietals, backwards tongue, 9 or less sacral vertebrae, caudal vertebrae fused into single rod, radius/ulna fused, tibia/fibula fused, no teeth in mandible, distinctive larvae

mammals + non mammalian synapsids

reptiles

synapsida, sauropsida

all living reptiles

archosauria, lepidosauria, lepidosauromorpha

folded areas of epidermis

bone slivers/plates found within dermis of crocodilians and some lizards

similar to scales, develop directly on underlying bone

scale like feature, shedding, scale organs, ear structure, vision

sound transmitting bone

thin bone plates embedded in sclera of the eye

thecodont teeth, webbed feet, robust osteoderms

shell, lack of teeth, lack of temporal fenestrae

turtles lie outside Diapsida, most closely related to extinct parareptiles

turtles are sister to Archosauria

turtles are sister to Lepidosauria

pleurodires, cryptodires

turtles that retract neck laterally

turtles that retract neck dorsoventrally

ability to shed tail in defense, usually regenerated

epiphyseal long bone growth, skin shed all at once, autotomy, fused astragulus/calcaneum, hooked fifth metatarsal

intact temporal bar, tympanum absent, acrodont teeth with palatine tooth row, propalinal shearing, abdominal ribs - cover stomach

movable quatrade bone, hemipenes, specialized tooth attachment modes (acrodont, pleurodont, and modified pleurodont)

iguania, scleroglossa

>120 procloacal vertebrae, no scleral ossicles, loss of many skull elements, several lower jaw bones fused into single compound bone, loss of several hyoid elements, long/slender/curved teeth

liquid water, preformed water, metabolic water

water acquired through the skin (e.g., amphibians)

evaporation, excretion

ammonia, urea, uric acid, salt glands

rate of change in a biochemical reaction with a 10 C increase in temperature

employ morphological, physiological, and behavioural mechanisms to maintain body temperatures that differ from environmental temperatures

preferred temperature range of an organism, determined experimentally

organism that does not maintain body temperatures that differ from their environment

use of solar radiation for thermoregulation

conduction of heat from a substrate for thermoregulation

gain heat from metabolic heat production of endotherms

colour change, circulatory transport, metabolic heat production

coupled veins/arteries allow for heat to be lost to body instead of environment

body at rest/in motion will remain so until a force acts upon it

force = mass*acceleration

every action has an equal and opposite reaction

the centre of mass of an object

area enclosed by points of contact with the ground

vertical component, propulsive component

fulcrum lies between in lever and out lever

fulcrum lies at one end of bar, in force applied at other end, force generated between both ends

fulcrum lies at one end of bar, in force is applied at both ends, out force generated at opposite end from fulcrum

lateral undulations combined with alternating limb movements

limbs more vertical during locomotion

long hindlimb elements, ankle independent of foot, pelvic girdle not fused to vertebral column

body pushes posterolaterally, generating reaction with forward and lateral components

anterior and posterior regions take turns anchoring the body while other parts move forward

sections of body are continuously lifted, moved forwards, and set back down

moving forward in a straight line

undulation based propulsion

appendage based propulsion

smooth skin, reduced number of scales, thicker skull bones, reinforced skull sutures

capillary adhesion, relies on surface tension in a lubricating fluid to create an adhesive bond between organism and substrate

lamellae covered in setae bond to substrate via van der waals forces