Neurobiology

Olfactory (smell)

Optic (vision)

Oculomotor (eye muscle)

Trochlear (eye muscle)

Trigeminal (facial sensation, chewing)

Abducens (eye muscle)

Facial (facial muscle)

Vestibulocochlear (hearing, balance)

Glossopharyngeal (swallowing, gag reflex)

Vagus (heart rate, digestion)

Accessory (head, neck, shoulder muscle)

Hypoglossal (tongue muscle)

Brain bulges

Brain grooves

A large sulcus

Separates the left and right hemispheres

Higher on the body; nearer to the top of the head

Lower on the body; farther from the top of the head

Towards the front

Towards the back

Anterior to the longitudinal axis

Posterior to the longitudinal axis

Superior to the longitudinal axis

Inferior to the longitudinal axis

Towards the midline

Away from the midline

On the same side of the body

On the opposite side of the body

Sexual response, endocrine function, autonomic control (breathing, heart rate, blood pressure)

Balance, breathing, heart rate, reflexes; contains the cranial nerves

Balance, coordination, proprioception, assists in other cranial functions

Inhibition, storage and processing of emotional events, social skills

Visual processing

Touch, location, movement, pressure, pain

Auditory processing, language

Fear response, emotion

Memory formation and storage

Brain, brain stem, spinal cord

All nerves and neurons not located in the brain, brain stem, or spinal cord

Motor strip

Precentral gyrus → upper motor neuron → brain stem → spinal cord → lower motor neuron → move muscle

Sensory strip (homonculus); stimulations along this area correspond to sensations all over the body

Pinprick on finger → peripheral sensory nerve on finger → spinal cord → brain stem → thalamus → postcentral gyrus (“sensory strip”)

Processes all sensory inputs, relays to the cortex; the “switchboard operator”

Takes up 10% of the brain’s volume, but has over 50% of the neurons

Part of speech center, left frontal lobe on left inferior frontal gyrus (usually); location can be affected by hand dominance

Part of speech center, posterior third of upper temporal convolution

Fibers that connect Broca’s area to Wernicke’s area

Disruption of speech

Disruption of speech production

Disruption of speech comprehension

Amygdala, frontal lobe, hippocampus, hypothalamus, olfactory bulb, thalamus

Controls functions necessary for survival; arousal, motivation, reactions

Image presents to eye → rods/cones in retina → optic nerve, passes through optic chiasm → thalamus → primary visual cortex (VI), occipital lobe

Sound → amplification through tympanic membrane and ear bones → signal through VIII → thalamus → primary auditory cortex on superior temporal gyrus (in temporal lobe)