bioe 3

trademarks copyrights trade secrets patents

any word, name, symbol, or device or any combo thereof and used to identify goods and distinguish them from those manufactured and sold by others ex: google, apple

an exclusive legal right to print, publish, perform, film, or record material

secret device or technique used especially in a trade

a patent is a claim(s) of invention. it permits its owner to exclude others from making, using, or selling an invention

utility patent design patent plant patent provisional patent

a utility patent is obtained for processes (chemical, mechanical, or electrical procedures), machines, articles of manufacturing, and compositions of matter.

is obtained for an invention of a new, original and ornamental design for an article of manufacture. Design patent protection extends only to an item’s appearance, not its functional aspects

is granted for a distinct and new variety of a cultivated asexually reproduced plant.

contains a specification sufficient detail to allow one skilled in the art to practice the invention. A provisional is a preliminary action to provide the inventor 12 months to develop the full patent claims

1. it must fall into one of the statutory classes: processes, machines, manufactures (objects made by humans or machines), compositions of matter

2. it must be useful

3. it must be novel

4. it must not be obvious to a person w/ ordinary skill in the art to which the subject matter pertains

claims (from uspto.gov)

independent claims and dependent claims

is a standalone claim that contains all the limitations necessary to define an invention.

must refer to a claim previously set forth and must further limit that claim.

must be filed in the name of the inventor(s). However, patents can be assigned to others. ~ assignee

the legal owner of a patent (unless you’re an entrepreneur, usually your employer

an inventor must take creative contributions to the invention

~ maintain a lab notebook ~ make progress on "completing" the invention ~ seek professional assistance

~ publish an article that would enable others to practice the invention; you have 1 yr to file an application after an article has been published ~ sell or offer for sell anything based upon the invention or accept a purchase order ~ explain your invention to anyone without a confidentiality agreement ( Non-disclosure agreement)

20 years from the earliest filing to which the patent claims 'priority'

sometimes one files ‘follow-on’ or derivative patents, these usually expand or specialize the originals claims, therefore, they usually link back to the original patent in terms of their protection and lifespan

~ US patent rights have historically been granted on the basis of ‘first to invent’ ~ The US patent law has recently been updated and will be on a ‘first to file’ basis going forward, generally consistent with international practice

depends on how you utilize your patent protection ~ exclusion of others ~ give your business exclusivity ~ licensing rights to others for consideration

a legal document granting rights to intellectual property and/or material in exchange for good and valuable consideration

rights can be restricted to: ~ type of license ~ field of use ~ a period of time ~ a territory

a royalty and a grant of the right to prohibit others from practicing the technology

researcher in a large company ~ May be called upon to build a better mouse trap. (i.e. find a way around a competitors patent) ~ Named as inventor but all rights assigned to the company as a condition of employment

~ may work with all types of Intellectual Property in the marketing of a product ~ need to be aware of competitor's products that may infringe

~ excludes others ~ creates value ~ can be costly to protect

sutures, tissue adhesives/ sealants

• Accelerate healing and reduce scarring • Reduce the opportunity for infection • Restore mechanical strength to wounded tissue during healing • Reduce blood loss-hemostasis • Minimize the formation of adhesions -internal wound closure

• General wound cleaning – PVP-iodine (betadine) • Local anesthesia (sutures / staples-not required for most adhesives) • Irrigation-sterile water or saline • Debridement if necessary – Remove foreign material – Create sharp wound edges – Can accelerate healing and improve cosmetic outcome • Approximate wound edges and close via selected method

• Closure of surgical incisions (dermal / internal) • Securing medical devices to patient tissue (permanent implant) • Re-connection of tissues separated by injury (permanent implant) – tendon – peripheral nerve

absorbable and non-absorbable

for wounds, 2-3 months ~ cagut: (isolated from sheep or bovine intestine) commonly treated with chromium trioxide-reduces absorption rate 40 to 75 days, reduces tissue reaction ~ polyglycolic acid (PGA) and poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA)

implants and wounds ~ cotton, silk, PET, polypropylene

~ cross-linked network of water soluble polymers ~ once cross-linked MW essentially goes to infinity ~ due to cross-linking the hydrogel is insoluble fun fact <3 : jello is a hydrogel :)

the human body is 70% water and the high water content of hydrogels provides mech properties similar to many soft tissues

contact lens, intraocular lens, tissue sealants, tissue engineering

cross-linking mechanisms ~ physical, ionic, covalent ~ step growth ~ free radical polymerization

A substance capable of holding materials together in a functional manner

A material applied to a joint in paste or liquid form that hardens or cures in place, forming a barrier against gas or liquid entry-particularly blood leakage

• Rapid wound closure • Improved prevention of blood loss • Minimizing deformation of tissue (reduce scarring) • Closure of mechanically weak tissues that are difficult to suture (liver, kidney, spleen)

liquid to solid transformation occurs during application (in situ polymerization of liquid monomers)

how long liquid-solid transformation requires

how long can it be stably stored as a monomer without premature polymerization

~ in situ forming ~ cure time ~ shelf life ~ tissue bond strength ~ flexible - minimize irritation ~ easily sterilized

adhesive failure, cohesive failure, substrate failure

failure occurs at the tissue/material interface

failure occurs within the substance of the adhesive

failure of the tissue substrate

cyanoacrylate

~ superglue and other chem variations ~ degradation is proportional to length of chain ~ rapid degradation is toxic ~ octyl cyanoacrylates are approved for topical use in humans

initiated by water and amine groups present on proteins in the tissue ~ bc the tissue initiates the polymerization, it is chemically bonded to the adhesive, providing exceptional bond strength

• Use proper good wound care practices • Appose wound edges tightly • DO NOT GET ADHESIVE IN THE WOUND!!!

– Fibrin glue – BioGlue – ProGel – DuraSeal – FocalSeal

• Source of proteins-human • Possible disease transmission (viruses) • Such risk is considered minuscule • Proteins are purified from pooled batches of human blood • Two commercial products – Hemaseel-Hemacure – Tisseel-Baxter Healthcare

• Composed of two solutions-bovine serum albumin (BSA) and glutaraldehyde ** challenge with using BSA clinically is that it is xenogenic intended use: sealing suture lines in vascular implants

cures too fast, glutaraldehyde is toxic

allows two highly reactive solutions to be stored separately and stably in one device

the coiled piece of metal in the syringe tip-allows mixing of two solutions without agitation

does not contain any animal-derived products

#1

2,500

~ pump using transport medium (blood) ~ propels substances to body cells (oxygen, nutrients, wastes, etc)

systemic circuit and pulmonary circuit

– Blood vessels that carry the functional blood supply to and from all body tissues – Left side of the heart

• Blood vessels carry blood to and from lungs

• Right side of the heart

-microscopically small blood vessels between arteries and veins where oxygen diffuses to surrounding tissue

~ red blood cells transport hemoglobin • Hemoglobin reversibly binds oxygen • Lungs-high levels of oxygen, oxygen binds to hemoglobin • Capillaries-low levels of oxygen, oxygen dissociates from hemoglobin and diffuses into surrounding tissue

epicardium, myocardium, endocardium (together they make up the heart wall)

provide a “perfect” blood contacting surface that does not initiate coagulation

composed of cardiac myoblasts (cardiomyocytes)

• contraction and relaxation

4 chambers ~ 2 atriums ~ 2 ventricles

– Receiving chambers – Relatively small, thin-walled chambers – Blood only pushed to ventricles

• Discharging chambers

• Make up most volume of the heart

• Right atrium (Blood from body)

• Right ventricle (Blood to lungs via the pulmonary artery)

• Left atrium (Blood from lungs via the pulmonary vein)

• Left ventricle (Blood to body via the aorta) – walls 3X’s as thick as right ventricle

~ pumping action in a rhythmic sequence ~ atrial diastole - the atrium is relaxed, allowing blood from the body/lungs to fill the atrium ~ as the atria fill with blood, the pressure rises, forcing the tricuspid and mitral valves to open -> this allows blood to fill diastole ventricles ~ then the atria contracts (systole), filling the ventricles to capacity ** the atrial kick accounts for 30% of cardiac output ~ pressure in the atria and ventricles equalize and the tricuspid and mitral valves begin to close ~ then the ventricles contract (systole) causing ventricular pressure to rise and the aortic and pulmonic valves to open

systolic blood pressure over diastolic bp ex: bp is 120 over 80

Maximum pressure achieved during ventricular contraction

Lowest pressure that remains in the arteries before the next ventricular contraction

~ blood flow only occurs in 1 direction ~ valves direct blood flow and prevent back flow

• Atrioventricular valves • Semilunar valves

tricuspid and mitral

aortic and pulmonary

• A. Autorhythmicity • B. Pathway of stimulation – 1. Sinoatrial node – 2. Atrioventricular node – 3. Bundle of His – 4. Purkinje fibers

signal generator ~ Basal heart rate is influenced by the nervous and endocrine systems

Voltage across the cell membrane due to asymmetrical distribution of cations produced by Na/K pump

transient reversal of resting membrane potential due to opening of membrane ion channels ** depolarization of muscle triggers contraction **

a brief change in voltage (membrane potential) across the cell membrane of heart cells

• SA nodes generates a periodic, automatic electrical impulse (action potential) • Travels down the atrial intranodal and intraatrial pathways • Slows at the AV node allowing the atria to contract and empty • Travels through common AV bundle to Purkinje fibers causing ventricular contraction

~ ECG or EKG - electrocardiogram • Heart is in fluid • Fluid transmits electrical activity from the source to the surface of body • Electrodes placed on skin surface measure direction and magnitude of current flow • EKG-2-dimensional representation of this electrical activity

P: atrial depolarization P-R: SA to AV QRS: ventricular depolarization T: ventricular repolarization

~ insufficient oxygen & nutrients are supplied (usually from a blockage/ occlusion) ~ hypoxia leads to cardiomyocyte death ~ repaired by fibroblasts and scar tissue ~ lack contractile properties of cardiomyocytes ~ decrease the mechanical function of the heart as a pump

~ root cause is vascular pathology ~ symptoms: heart attack (AKA myocardial infarction) ~ consequence: permanent damage to the cardiac muscle

the muscle cells of the heart-are considered post-mitotic (incapable of cell division)

prosthetic ventricles such as ventricular assist devices (VADs)

~ transplant ~ prosthetic heart (temporary)