Earth Space Science Fall Final 2/2

A physical and chemical process that transform sediments into sedimentary rocks

Compaction- sediments are forced together by the weight of the sediments above

Cementation- minerals glue sediment grains together to form a solid rock

Heat and pressure is applied to the rocks and causes the molecules and atoms to rearrange, but not melt the rock

Foliated- banded or layered appearance

Nonfoliated- no banded texture

Shows the interrelationships among the three rock types

Mechanical- occurs when physical forces break rock into smaller pieces without changing its composition

Chemical- transformation of rock into one or more new compounds

Water

Mineral matter, humus, water, and air

Parent material- bedrock in residual soil

Time- the longer a soil has been forming, the thicker it is

Climate- greatest effect on soil formation

Organisms- influence soil’s physical and chemical properties

Slope- steep slopes lead to bad soil, orientation (direction slope faces) influences soil formation

Water and wind erosion

Base level- lowest point to which a stream can erode (the level at which the mouth of a stream enters an ocean, lake, or another stream)

Local level- where a stream enters another body of water (lake, river, or stream)

Land area that contributes water to a stream

Rockfalls, slides, slumps, flows, and creeps

When slopes are too steep for materials to remain on the surface, often caused by frost wedging

A block of material that moves suddenly along a flat, inclined surface, often occur in mountainous areas

The downward movement of a block of material along a curved surface

Mass movements of material containing a large amount of water

(mudflow and earthflow)

The slow, downhill movement of soil and regolith

Stalactites hang from the ceiling, stalagmites grow from the floor

Precipitation, evaporation, infiltration, condensation, runoff, transpiration

Stays balances by the average annual precipitation = amount of evaporation water

Permeable rock layers or sediments that transmit groundwater freely

Area where water fills all of the open spaces in sediment and rock

Area above the water table where the pore space is filled with air

Valley glaciers and ice sheets

Ice masses that slowly go down mountain valleys originally occupied by streams

Big ice masses that flow in all directions, they don’t cover the highest land

Calving→makes icebergs

Plucking and abrasion

Lifting of rock blocks

Occurs when the glacier with rock fragments slide across bedrock

U-shaped valley that was once V-shaped but was deepened by a glacier

A former tributary glacier valley that is cut into the upper part of a U-shaped glacier valley

Bowl-shaped depression at the head of a glacial valley

Snaking, sharp-edged ridged

Sharp pyramid-like peaks that project above mountain landscapes

Till and stratified drift

Material deposited directly by the glacier

Sediment laid down by glacial meltwater

Normal, reverse, and strike-slip

When the hanging wall block moves down relative to the footwall block

The hanging wall block moves up relative to the footwall block

The movement is horizontal and parallel to the trend or strike of the fault surface

Focus- the point within Earth where the earthquake starts

Epicenter- the location on the surface directly above the focus

P waves, S waves, and Surface waves

They travel fastest, are push-pull waves, and travel through solids, liquids, and gases

They are slower than P waves, shake particles at right angles to the direction they travel, they travel along Earth’s outer layer

The slowest type of waves, moves group up/down and side to side, are the most destructive

Big waves;

One triggered by an earthquake occurs where a slab of the ocean floor is displaced vertically along a fault

Can also occur when the vibration of a quake sets an underwater landslide into motion

Occurs in areas where soil and rocks are captured with water

-the ground cannot support structure and soil acts as liquid