AP psych final

Mary believes that cognitive development is a matter of gradual and almost imperceptible changes over time.  Her viewpoint is most directly relevant to the issue of

a. nature/nurture

b. behavior/mental processes

c. continuity/stages

d. fluid or crystalized

e. concrete/operational stages

Questions about whether anxious children will grow up to be either fearful or relaxed adults most directly highlight the issue of

a. continuity/stages

b. stability/change

c. identity/role confusion

d. nature/nurture

e. assimilation/ accommodation

Which of the following refers to the debate about the relative contribution of genetic inheritance and experiences to our development?

a. nature-nurture

b. continuity-stages

c. stability-change

d. attachment-imprinting

e. assimilation-accommodation

As compared with the production of egg cells, sperm cell production

a. begins later in life

b. involves a jellylike outer covering

c. begins earlier in life

d. involves differentiation

e. begins shortly after conception

Harmful chemicals or viruses that can be transferred from a mother to her developing fetus are called

a. schemas

b. attachments

c. teratogens

d. zygotes

e. menarche

When Joan touched her infant's cheek, he turned his head toward the side that was touched and opened his mouth.  Joan was eliciting the

a. startles reaction

b. rooting reflex

c. grasping reflex

d. attachment reflex

e. attention reflex

Biological growth processes that are relatively uninfluenced by experience and that enable orderly changes in behavior are referred to as

a. continuity

b. imprinting

c. generativity

d. maturation

e. attachment

Infantile amnesia best explains why

a. Justina, age 25, cannot remember hearing Japanese when she was 10

b. Ella, age 10, has no memories of her third birthday party

c. Karla, age 3, can’t understand why her new brother is crying

d. Becka, age 2, is unable to remember where she left her doll

e. Hannah, age 6, can’t remember the gymnastics routine she just learned

Jean Piaget studied how children develop their abilities to think, know, and remember.  Together these abilities are called

a. maturation

b. temperament

c. cognition

d. identity

e. attachment

According to Piaget, schemas are

a. fixed sequences of cognitive developmental stages

b. children’s ways of coming to terms with their sexuality

c. people’s conceptual frameworks for understanding their experiences

d. problem-solving strategies that are typically not developed until the formal operation stage

e. moral ideas that children use to understand right and wrong

The first time that 4-year-old Sarah saw her older brother play a flute, she thought it was simply a large whistle.  Sarah's initial understanding of the flute best illustrates the process of

a. assimilation

b. egocentrism

c. conservation

d. accommodation

e. maturation

Three-year-old Gunnar, who lives in Alaska where moose roam freely , has learned the schema for moose.  When his family visits his cousin Michael on a horse farm, Gunnar modifies his schema for large, shaggy animals to include horses.  This process is called

a. habituation

b. accommodation

c. assimilation

d. maturation

e. conservation

Lisa attempts to retrieve her bottle after her father hides it under a blanket.  This suggests that Lisa has developed a sense

a. egocentrism

b. object permanence

c. conservation

d. accommodation

e. secure attachment

Which of the following represents the correct order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

a. preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational, sensorimotor

b. sensorimotor, preoperational, formal operational, concrete operational

c. sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

d. preoperational, sensorimotor, concrete operational, formal operational

e. concrete operational, sensorimotor, preoperational, formal operational

According to Piaget, egocentrism is to conservation as the _________ stage is to the ____________ stage.

a. preoperational; sensorimotor

b. concrete operational; preoperational

c. sensorimotor; preoperational

d. concrete operational; formal operational

e. preoperational; concrete operational

According to Piaget, the ability to think logically about events first develops during the ___________ stage

a. sensorimotor

b. formal operational

c. concrete operational

d. preoperational

e. preconventional

The principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects is called

a. perceptual constancy

b. object equivalence

c. conservation

d. object permanence

e. accommodation

Four-year-old Abby mistakenly believes that her mother would like to receive a toy doll as a Christmas present.  This best illustrates Piaget's concept of

a. accommodation

d. attachment

c. object permanence

d. conservation

e. egocentrism

Five-year-olds who were surprised to discover that a Band-Aids box contained pencils were able to anticipate their friend's false belief about the contents of the box.  This best illustrates that the children had developed a

a. secure attachment

b. conventional morality

c. theory of mind

d. concept of conservation

e. self-concept

Recognizing whether someone's facial expression is conveying a happy smile or a self-satisfied smirk is especially difficult for those with

a. autism spectrum disorder

b. fluid intelligence

c. infantile amnesia

d. crystalized intelligence

e. schema

Infant monkeys raised with a nourishing wire mother and a non-nourishing cloth mother

a. preferred the nourishing wire mother

b. preferred the non-nourishing cloth mother

c. showed no preference for one mother over the other

d. shifted their initial preference for the wire mother to the cloth mother as they matured

e. did not become attached to either mother

Mr. DiNozzo spends time each day holding and rocking his infant daughter.  This time together should serve most directly to promote

a. habituation

b. secure attachment

c. stranger anxiety

d. egocentrism

e. conservation

Many young children with divorced or unmarried parents have been deprived of parental care and attention.  This is likely to put them at increased risk for

a. infantile amnesia

b. egocentrism

c. stranger anxiety

d. insecure attachments

e. assimilation

One-year-old Eunice is not overly fearful of strangers, but she clearly prefers being held by her mother than by anyone else.  Her behavior best illustrates

a. habituation

b. the rooting reflex

c. secure attachment

d. conservation

e. egocentrism

Even though Felicia was busy playing when her mother came to pick her up from her babysitter, she quickly ran to her mother, gesturing to be held.  Felicia most clearly showed signs of

a. conservation

b. stranger anxiety

c. habituation

d. egocentrism

e. secure attachment

The labels "easy", "difficult" and "slow-to-warm-up," are used to refer to differences in an infant's

a. gender schema

b. assimilation

c. temperament

d. gender typing

e. genotype

A child's temperament is likely to be

a. difficult to observe

b. stable over time

c. a proud of parenting style

d. a reflection of his or her gender schema

e. different as an infant than as a teenager

Jeannie abuses both her 3-year-old and 1-year-old daughters.  Her behavior is likely related to a lack of

a. childhood experience with younger brothers and sisters

b. maturation

c. an early and secure attachment to her own parents

d. formal operational intelligence

e. object permanence

At age 12, Stan is happy, self-reliant, and has a positive self-image.  It is most likely that Stan's parents are

a. permissive

b. conservative

c. authoritarian

d. authoritative

c. postconventional

Children who are more aggressive and immature are more likely to come from which kind of parenting style?

a. authoritarian

b. permissive

c. negligent

d. authoritative

e. absent

Rebecca's parents are warm, caring, but also demanding.  They do set rules, but they are always up for discussion and possible revision.  Rebecca appreciates the trust her parents give along with the importance they gave her views.  She is most likely to come from which kind of parenting style?

a. authoritarian

b. permissive

c. negligent

d. authoritative

e. absent

Compared with the average man, the average woman is

a. less likely to become sexually re-aroused after orgasm

b. more likely to commit suicide

c. less likely to express emotions freely

d. more vulnerable to depression and anxiety

e. more likely to display public anger

Male self-identity is to _____________ as female self-identity is to ______________

a. individuality; roles

b. X chromosome; Y chromosome

c. gender typing; gender schemas

d. independence; interdependence

e. assimilation; accommodation

Women are more likely than men to

a. criticize and insult their marital partner

b. stare at people who make them angry

c. interrupt others while they are talking

d. misperceive simple friendliness as a sexual come-on

e. tend and befriend

Gender role refers to

a. one’s biological sex

b. a sense of being male or females

c. a set of expected behaviors for males and females

d. a sense of being homosexual or heterosexual

e. how masculine a boy is or how feminine a girl is

Maria has always taken responsibility for preparing family meals because she learned that this was expected of women.  Her behavior best illustrates the importance of

a. heritability

b. social identity

c. temperament

d. gender roles

e. accommodation

Ten-year-old Nevina insists on wearing very feminine-looking clothes because she wants to appear ladylike.  This best illustrates the impact of

a. individualism

b. personal space

c. collectivism

d. gender typing

e. maturation

A stimulating environment is most likely to facilitate the development of a child's

a. individualism

b. genome

c. temperament

d. gender typing

e. neural connections

It has been suggested that our sensitivity to peer influence is genetically predisposed because it has facilitated the process of human mating.  This suggestion best illustrates

a. gender schema theory

b. collectivism

c. gender-typing

d. an evolutionary perspective

e. individualism

During adolescence, maturation of the ____________ lags behind maturation of the ___________

a. brainstem; pituitary

b. pituitary; brainstem

c. limbic system; frontal lobe

d. frontal lobe; limbic system

e. medulla; cerebellum

Teo's ability to reason hypothetically in his geometry class indicates that he is in the ____________stage of development.

a. concrete operational

b. formal operational

c. preconventional

d. postconventional

e. preoperational

Cognitive development is to Jean Piaget as moral development is to ______________

a. Erik Erikson

b. Harry Harlow

c. Konrad Lorenz

d. Lawrence Kohlberg

e. Mary Ainsworth

A developmental stage between adolescent dependence and responsible adulthood is called ___________

a. puberty

b. maturation

c. emerging adulthood

d. postconventional morality

e. formal operations

Primary sex characteristics are to _____________ as secondary sex characteristics are to ___________

a. male testes; adrenal glands

b. female ovaries; deepened male voice

c. female breasts; deepened male voice

d. male testes; female ovaries

e. adrenal glands; underarm hair

AIDS results from the transmission of ______________ from an infected sexual partner

a. PYY

b. HPV

c. FTO

d. HIV

e. BMI

A homosexual orientation is ___________

a. equally likely among members of both sexes

b. associated with a lack of clear gender identity

c. very persistent and difficult to change

d. a result of being sexually victimized during childhood

e. characteristic of over 10% of American males

Women are somewhat more likely than men to feel bisexual attractions.  This best illustrates a gender difference in their ____________

a. set points

b. refractory periods

c. erotic plasticity

d. basal metabolic rate

e. sexual response cycle

When exposed to a scent derived from men's sweat, gay and straight men responded differently in the area of the ___________ that governs sexual arousal.

a. cerebellum

b. hypothalamus

c. motor cortex

d. reticular formation

e. hippocampus

In one 15-year period, more Americans died on the two days after Christmas than on the two days before Christmas.  It has been suggested that this illustrates ____________

a. a death-deferral phenomenon

b. a critical period'

c. terminal decline

d. habituation

e. accommodation

The age at which people are expected to leave home, get a job, and marry has changed dramatically in Wallonia over the past 50 years.  Developmentalists would say that the country's _____________ has been altered.

a. social clock

b. developmental norm

c. maturation cycle

d. family calendar

e. social identity