Gen bio finals

Site of photosynthesis in plants

An organelle located in the leaf mesophyll

Process in plants that release water vapor through the openings in leaves

Process of water movement through a plant and its evaporation from aerial parts

What cells are responsible for opening and closing the stomata?

use osmotic pressure to open and close stomata

A light absorbing green pigment that plays an important role in photosynthesis

what tissue in plants carry water and minerals

A specialized tissue of vascular plants

A vascular tissue in charge of transport and distribution of the organic nutrients

Makes the transport of water and minerals possible

occupies the central part of the plants, which is the largest

In a mature flowering plant or tree, most of the cells that make up the xylem are specialized cells called

Lose their end walls so the xylem forms a continuous, hollow tube. this allows water to flow easily

become strengthened by a chemical called lignin.

Gives strength and support to the vessel.

Transport in the ___ is a physical process. It does not require energy

Responsible for transporting the products of photosynthesis throughout the plant body.

From the leaves of the plant they will deliver the product substance to the rest of body

occupies the marginal side of the plants

Transport of substances in phloem is called

consists of living cells

cells that make up the phloem

specialized for transport and have no nuclei.

Has a perforated end so its cytoplasm connects one cell to the next

Transport of subtances in the phloem cells requires energy

One or more ___ attached to each sieve tube provide this energy.

A sieve tubes is completely dependent on it

The xylem and phloem are distributed differently in roots and stems, in the roots the xylem forms a central column, forming a solid support.

In the ____, the transport tissues of the xylem and phloem are grouped into vascular bundles

In the trees, we can find ____ along their trunks

These tissues are common in woody plants for radial distribution of food

During the growth season affect xylem growth

produces xylem cells that can carry a lot of water cells that are large and thin walled when temperatures are cool and water is plentiful, as in the typical spring

produces narrow, thick-walled cells under hot, dry conditions, as in the typical summer

functions primarily in the transport of carbohydrates from the inner bark to the wood

there are some food storage cells in this system as well

Interrupt the interconnections of the tracheids or fibres

Movement through the cell walls and spaces between cells

Water and minerals pass through a continuum of cytoplasm between cells, called plasmodesma

involves transport between cells across the membranes of vacuoles within cells

It is the evaporation of water through stomata. Stomata are specialized pores in the leaves

The evaporation of water happens through the lenticels

This type of transpiration is the loss of water from plants as vapor through the lenticels

Factors Affecting Transpiration in Plants

The one of the main factors that regulate the transport process in plants. This represents free energy or the potential to do work

Furthermore, this is used to predict where water will move. Take note that water will move from a cell or solution with higher water potential to a cell or solution with lower water potential.

This happens if sunlight is absent. During nighttime the rate of transpiration is low, that’s why ions accumulate in the roots of plants, causing root pressure buildup. This will cause the water to enter the cells by osmosis.

The influx of water into the cell can produce this kind of pressure. This causes the plasma membrane to push against the cell wall, during the transport in phloem.

This can demonstrate turgor pressure; it states that dissolved carbohydrates which flow from a source, are brought to a sink where these either stored or utilized

travels from mesophyll cells of the leaves to the companion and sieve cells through symplast

Exchange gases directly with the water in their surroundings through the cell membrane.

Also aquatic animals that exchange gases directly with body cells and the environment.

Have a heart that is two chambered. Gas exchange is made more efficient through the countercurrent flow

The heart is three chambered with two atria and one ventricle. In the ventricle, partial mixing of deoxygenated and oxygenated blood happens. From the ventricle, blood is pumped to reach the lungs and skin where gas exchange will take place.

Under water, they utilize their skin for gas exchange, which is also referred to as

There are two types of gas exchange in the human body.

the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the lungs

is gas exchange between the cells and the blood.

Two openings in the ___ serve as the entrance for the passage of air into the body. In the nose, air is cleaned, moistened, and warmed

This is also known as the throat, is found at the back of the mouth. During inhalation, a flap of cartilage called epiglottis is in an upright position and air moves into the trachea or windpipe.

This is also called voice box or Adam’s apple, is more prominent in males than in females. Sounds are produced when air is forced past two vocal cords that stretch across the.

: This is most often called the windpipe , it is located in front of the esophagus. It is about 10 cm long and 2.5 cm wide and is lined with mucous membranes and cilia.

The trachea is divided into two hollow branches, called . Each bronchus is attached to the lungs.

These are large, spongy , and elastic sac like structures suspended from each side of the heart, inside the chest cavity.

In the ______, oxygen diffuses through the capillaries and into the bloodstream.

The air that we inhale is a mixture of gases which includes

The system that contains the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

This system moves the blood throughout the body.

This system helps tissues and cells get enough oxygen and nutrients, and it also helps them get rid of waste materials.

CIRCULATORY DISEASES CAN CAUSE THE FOLLOWING

CATEGORIES OF DISEASES THAT AFFECT THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

which affect your heart and/or blood vessels.

which affect your blood vessels.

Are weak spots in the walls of your arteries that can expand like a balloon.

As they continue to get bigger, they’re at risk for rupture (breaking open) or causing blood clots. Can occur in any artery (aortic aneurysms)

Types of aneurysms

Is an irregular or abnormal heartbeat. Prevent your heart from contracting and relaxing normally.

Atrial fibrillation is the most common type

Some begin in the upper chambers of the heart. These are called

Others begin in the lower chambers of your heart These are called

is a life threatening medical emergency because it can lead to sudden death.

Is the buildup of plaque in your arteries.

Over time, the _____ narrows your arteries and makes it harder for blood to flow through.

The _____ is also dangerous because it can rupture and trigger a blood clot

plaque buildup in the arteries in your neck.

plaque buildup in the arteries.

plaque buildup also in the arteries.

is made up of deposits of fatty substances, cholesterol, cellular waste

is a number that shows how forcefully blood flows through your blood vessels.

High blood pressure throughout the arteries in your body.

Low blood pressure throughout your body.

High blood pressure in the vein that carries blood from your intestines to your liver

High blood pressure in the arteries that carry blood from your heart to your lungs

Is a group of conditions that affect your heart muscle, leading to weakened heart squeeze. These conditions harm your heart’s ability to pump blood.

your heart chambers get bigger

Your heart muscle gets thicker

our heart weakens late in pregnancy or soon after delivery

Abnormalities in the anatomy of the heart. Refers to heart problems babies are born with. Is sometimes heritable

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