Medieval thought
5-15 century
children were vulnerable beings
- expected to work at age 7
reformation
1500-1750
- beat the evil and stubbornness out of children
enlightenment
17-18 century
- emphasis on science and separation of church and state
- John Locke: children born with blank slate
- continuous development through interactions of environment and experiences
Industrial Revolution
18-20 century
- family life defined as mother, father and child
- child expected to work and contribute financially
Laws put in place to keep children safe (5)
1. Child labor laws
2. compulsory ed
3. Social Security Act
4. National School Lunch Act
5. Elementary and secondary education act
Darwin
one of the first observers to keep a log of observation on his son
3 domains of development
physical - the body
cognitive - the brain
social/emotional - social interactions and feelings
how do the 3 domains of development interact ?
they all impact each other
6 time periods of development
1. Prenatal
2. Infancy/toddlerhood
3. Early Childhood
4. Middle Childhood
5. Adolescence
6. Emerging Adulthood
Milestones of prenatal development
- conception to birth
development of organs, brain system, effects of teratogen
Milestones of infancy/toddlerhood
- birth to 2 years
- crawling, walking, sitting up, language development, early preschool, object permanence
Milestones of Early childhood
- 2 -6/7 years old
- preschool
- preoperational: conservation, egocentrism, abstract thinking, school
Milestones of middle childhood
- 7-11 years old
- socializing, friendships, concrete operations
Milestones of adolescence
- 11-18 years old
- puberty, growth spurt
milestones of emerging adulthood
- 18-29
- marriage, children
History and development of Binet
1900s
- Constructed first successful test to measure academic success (IQ)
- test measures verbal (reading and writing skills)
and nonverbal skills (math, number, patterns)
- changed to measure intelligence
Nature
influence of genetics
nurture
environmental impact
what is the debate between nature and nurture?
Which is the result of human behavior. Modern thinking finds both are important and are a combination
Define personality
our habitual patterns of our behavior and our habitual reactions to the behaviors of others or the environment
4 main tenets of psychodynamic theorists and the 2 theorists
1. both talk about unconscious mind
2. conflict
- freud: fixations
- erikson: crisis
3. psychoanalysis
4. conflict with psyche
Freuds theory of the unconscious mind
- fixations are casued by thoughts, dreams or events
3 ways to access the unconscious mind: dream analysis, hypnosis and psychoanalysis
- repression : push bad memories away
Freud's Parts of Psyche
id: sex
ego: rational
superego: interactions
frueds erogenous zone
single body part that is sensitive to sexual erotic stimulation
- mouth, anus
psychosexual stages
- oral stage
- anal stage
- phallic stage
- latent stage
- genital stage
oral stage erogenous zone
mouth
- birth - 1 year
- breastfeeding, sucking
anal stage erogenous zone
anus
- 1 - 3 years old
- toilet training
phallic stage erogenous zone
exploring genitals
- 3-6 years old
- playing doctor, exploring body
latent stage erogenous zone
none
- 6-11 years old
- school, non-sexual activities
genital stage erogenous zone
genitals
- adolescence and up
- sexual experimentation: relationships
3 ways a fixation can occur
1. repressing inappropriate thoughts, dreams, or traumatic events
2. imbalance of the psyche: id, ego, superego
3. parents being too permissive or restrictive of childs erogenous zone
oedipus vs electra complex
boy wants mother sexually as a partner vs girl lacks penis and wants to be like father
explain a defense mechanism
unconscious behavioral techniques or methods that humans use to cope with the stress and guilt
Erikson's stages of psychosocial development
1. trust vs. mistrust
2. autonomy vs. shame and doubt
3. initiative vs. guilt
4. industry vs. inferiority
5. identity vs. role confusion
6. intimacy vs. isolation
7. generativity vs. stagnation
8. integrity vs. despair
1. trust vs mistrust stage crisis
birth -1
crisis: trusting, fearful
2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
- age 2 -3
- independently, self-doubt, shame
3. Initiative vs. Guilt
- age 4-5
- making own choices, guilt
4. Industry vs. Inferiority
- age 6-11
- competence or inferior and never excel
5. Identity vs. Role Confusion
- age 12 - 18
- who am i really
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation
- young adulthood
- deep personal, If not achieved self-absorbed and isolation
7. Generativity vs. Stagnation
- middle adulthood 40-60
- contribute to the world, or lack of purpose
8. Integrity vs. Despair
- late adulthood 60 +
- reflecting back on life, regret or love
Behaviorism
an approach to learning that that regarts directly observable events
2 types of conditioning
- classical : pavlov and watson
- operant: skinner
Reinforcers
always increase behavior
positive
always give something
positive reinforcer
give something good to increase behavior
negative reinforcer
remove a bad stimulation to increase behavior
punishment
decreases and possibly eliminate behavior
type 1 punishment
presentation
- used the most
type 2 timeout or removal
temporary removal or exclusion of particiaption in something fun or positive
type 3 extinction
getting the behavior to cease
- most effective but difficult to maintain
Piaget's Stages of Development
1. sensorimotor
2. preoperational
3. concrete operational
4. formal operational
What did Piaget believe?
believed our brains were hard-wired to learn from birth
create
organize
change
adapt
Disequilibrium
adapting
- accommodation
- assimilation
accomodation
change our current knowledge
assimilation
interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas
equilibrium
satisfied and balanced
vygotsky theory of knowledge
learning occurs between 2 people
- children gain knowledge passed down to them from someone who has a higher level of abstract thinking
Mediation
learning
- must occur for cognitive development
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
Vygotsky's concept of the difference between what a child can do alone and what that child can do with the help of a teacher
scaffolding
helping students answer difficult questions by giving hints and guidance
- songs, rhymes, homework
Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory
Bronfenbrenner's environmental systems theory that focuses on five environmental systems
Brofenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory
microsystem, mesosystem,
exosystem, macrosystem, chronosystem
Microsystem
innermost level of the environment
- immediate surroundings like everyday factors, school
mesosystem
connections between microsystems
- parent teacher, neighborhood, school
exosystem
social settings that a person may not experience firsthand but that still influence development
- parent's workplace, extended family
Macrosystem
consists of cultural values, laws, customs, and resources
- government, rules
Chronosystem
historical changes that influence the other systems
- the effects of environmental changes that occur over the course of life
information processing theory def
interactions between short term, or working memory and long term memory, the permanent storehouse of knowledge
what is the information processing theory controlled by
central executive functions/processes
2 processes for capturing stimuli from the environment through the sensory register: short-term memory
Sensorimotor tries to sort out things
-attention
-recognition
long term memory
Older stimuli/knowledge is pulled out of long term mem and into short term memory in order to match, add filed schemas of knowledge
Cells
smallest unit of life
Chromosomes
threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes
DNA
A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.
Mitosis
DNA in general cells can duplicate chromosomes
- 46
Meiosis
sex cells
- gametes form from half the number of chromosomes: 23
- creates 4 cells that are genetically different
Gamete
sex cell
How is the sex of a baby determined?
the sex chromosome from the father
3 types of ADHD
inattentive,
hyperactive-impulsive,
combined
postpartum period
a period of adjustment for parents and their newborn during the six weeks after birth
baby blues
a mild postpartum mood disorder that goes away on its own
3 stages of prenatal development
germinal,
embryonic,
fetal
3 stages of childbirth
1. Dilation and effacement of the cervix
2. Delivery of the baby
3. Delivery of the placenta
gross motor skills
physical abilities involving large body movements, such as walking and jumping
fine motor skills
physical abilities involving small body movements, especially of the hands and fingers, such as drawing and picking up a coin