4. design thinking and communication

'flat' drawings that only show two dimensions

used for initial ideas

drawings in 3d dimensions that show depth

used for initial ideas

the use of a variety of materials and computer animations to demonstrate a design

in between design and munfacturing (used as prototypes and testing products with cheaper materials)

• Explore a concept

• Thumbnail sketches and mind maps, used for understanding and exploring what stakeholders want and what it needs to do/be

• Create initial ideas

• Can be quite rough and are used to grasp overall design concept

• Explain a design concept

• Need to be understood by stakeholders etc and show form and function or a specific detail

• Sell the design concept

• Shows the product in use and often in CAD form

A simple 3D sketch with one face square on

Used by some designers but not as often

A 3D technique in which parallel lines at 30 degree angles are applied to the sides of a drawn object

Used by designers for ideas and exploded views

2D sketches that show different views (eg plan, front, side and sectional views)

3D drawing that shows objects in proportion

Used by architects and product designers

These sketches are used to explain how the components of a product fit together and how they are assembled. This allows designer and engineers to spot possible construction issues.

They are drawn in isometric with lines following the isometric grid linking parts together.

Quick model, often just parts of a design, made from easy to work and low cost materials such as cardboard or foam.

They explore initial ideas and can be tested by users and stakeholders to develop shapes and sizes. Later models will become more accurate or focused.

the processes and techniques used to quickly produce a product or component directly from CAD data. The creation of the part is created using additive manufacture, or more commonly known as 3D printing.

computer aided design, extremely accurate and allows potential problems to be spotted early

computer aided manufacture, eg 3d printers and laser cutters

•Can be rotated and viewed from every angle •They are easy to edit and changes can be made quickly •They can be simulated to see and evaluate how they would respond to different conditions

The representation of a real situation, but using mathematical concepts and language These models represent real situations using maths and computer simulation. As no physical components are used it is cost effective. It is quick and can speed up production. Stresses can be predicted and parts strengthened before manufacture.

They are used to show the layout in electrical systems (circuit diagrams) and mechanical systems. The connection between the components in important not the real positions of them.

First-hand information (Primary Research)

• Questionnaires/surveys

• Interviews/focus groups

• Observations Market research - (Secondary Research)

• Looking at how others have solved the problem Data

• Magazines/reference/books

• Material properties

• Anthropometric data Biomimicry

• uses nature as inspiration for problem solving

An organized discussion run by a moderator where a group are asked about their views about products, services, brands etc

Also known as human-centered design, a strategy with the aim of making products and systems useable. Focus is on the user interface and interaction.

• Focus groups

• Usability testing: Data is gathered as people try out a product

• Participatory design: People are actively involved in the design and decision making process at every stage

• Interview: Usually one-to-one

• Questionnaires

The understanding of a product or component as part of a larger system or product. Ensuring all levels are considered ensures the product is given the required attention to detail.

• packaging

• use of the product

• updates and maintenance

• disposal

This type of thinking helps designers consider all possible solutions to provide the best service to the user.

working with others for mutal benefit

Designers work together and collaboration occurs between designers, developers, users and stakeholders. It can make projects more complex so sometimes control from one group is needed to ensure success.