Patho Quiz 1

preventing a disease from occurring

early detection of disease by screening

rehab of PT to prevent progression of disease

• try to minimize whats happening to PT

cellular response to stress

decrease in cell size

increase in cell size

increase in the cell #

change in cell

• size

• shape

• uniformity

• arrangement

• structure

reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another less mature cell

occurs as a result of decreased

• workload

• pressure

• use

• blood supply

• nutrition

• hormonal/nervous stimulation

• lack of use

• nerve loss

• chronic malnutrition

• decrease in size of cells in the cerebrum of the brain

• decrease in size of neurons

localized to a particular region

affecting entire brain

caused by specific hormone stimulation

• Increased functional demand

increase in functional demand = increased size in skeletal muscles

increase functional demand of cardiac muscles DUE TO need to pump against high pressure

• excessive cardiac workload

• genetic trait

• SOB

• Chest Pain

• Syncope (fainting)

• impaired cardiac function

• nerve

• skeletal muscles

• myocardial

• lens cells of eyes

abnormal changes in size, shape & organization of mature cells

• precursor to cancer

• occurs in epithelial tissues in cervix & respiratory tract

substitution of cells that are better able to survive under certain circumstances

• function of cell changes

cellular adaptation of the squamous & columnar epithelial cells in the transformation zone of the cervix

• sexual activity

• multiple partners

• smoking

• HPV

• Ablation→ removal of superficial cells

• Cold coagulation & electrocoagulation

• Surgical Excision

programmed cell death

• body send signals → cells kill themself

irreversible cell damage

• death of cell

• physical

• mechanical

• thermal

• chemical

new daughter cells generated from division of parent cells

results in oocytes & sperm

division & proliferation of all other nongerm cells

• is continuous

orderly process of cellular maturation to achieve a specific function

• differentiated cells have a specific function

  • undifferentiated cells respond to the needs of the body

cells that haven’t decided what they wanted to be

cells that have an assignment / they know what they wanna do

gene malfunction goes unrepaired (makeup of cell got damaged)

• cell is allowed to grow uncontrollably (altered proliferation)

  • cells lose ability to carry out its specified function (altered differentiation)

repair gene & protect genome

code for proteins involved in cell growth

• non stop growth

prohibits growth of cells & regulates apoptosis

• radiation

• tobacco

• hormones

• chemicals

• microbes

origin & development of cancer

EXPOSURE of cells to a carcinogenic agent//

a promoter agent activates oncogenes

independent growth

unregulated proliferation of neoplasm

loss of cell differential & function

development of new blood vessels to meet nutrient demands of tumors cells

• remain localized

• slow growing

• closely resemble

• easy to treat

• cells are mature & “stick” together to prevent spread

• may function as normal cells & produce hormones

INVASIVE & DESTRUCTIVE

• proliferate rapidly

• spread to other sites (metastasize)

• does NOT resemble tissue of origin

new growth

add “oma” to the tissue type

• bone→ osteoma

• fatty tumor→ lipoma

add “sarcoma” to the end

• bone→ osteosarcoma

within tissue or organ

adjacent tisue/organ

colonize to secondary site

spread to distant site

primary tumors have affinity for a secondary site

• surgery

• chemo

• radiation

• bone marrow transplant

• hormones

• palliative care (provide best quality of life)

leading cause of cancer deaths

• due to smoking & industrial exposure

• tumors originate in epithelial lining of bronchi, bronchioles, & alveoli

• SOB

• persistent cough

• chest pain

• hemoptysis (coughing up blood)

malignant neoplasm of blood & blood forming organs

• anemia

• bone pain

• weight loss

• fever

• lymph node enlargement

• bleeding

• nausea

• chemo

• radiation

• bone marrow or stem cell replacement

• skin & mucous membrane

• inflammatory response

• immune response

Healthy skin

• healthy tissue in the mucosal lining of resp, GI,GU tracts

• sloughs off skin

• vomit from stomach

• cough up mucus

• flushes out in urine

eradicate pathogens

VASCULAR RESPONSE

• increased capillary permeability → allows plasma & cells to be released into the tissue

• tissue creates a barrier to prevent spread

• inflammatory mediators help widen/loosen the blood vessel

messenger → tells body to start defense process

secrete histamines

• body vasodilates

• histamines turn ON inflammatory response

has enzymes that are released during allergic reactions & asthma

signaling proteins

type of cytokines

• WBC

• PLT

• Endothelial/damaged tissue cells

• cleans up damaged cells

• helps your body heal after injury/infection

system in control of pain

• prostaglandins causes pain

  • give NSAIDS for pain

clots around the problem so it doesn’t spread

MOST IMPORTANT VASODIILATOR

• Increase vascular permeability

• produced by mast cells

  • seen early in inflammation

• counteracted w/ histamines

Begins seconds after injury

• first sign of inflammation

• arterioles constrict briefly then dilate

• rubor

• tumor (swelling)

• hyperemia

• dolor (pain)

• color (heat)

• altered function

• heat

• redness

• swelling

• pain

• loss of function

Dolor

lOss of function

Calor

Tumor

lOss of function

Rubor

RICE

• reduce blood flow

• decrease pain

• decrease swelling

• block the action of chemical mediators

• seal wound

• acute inflammatory response

• clear the debris

• restore structural integrity

• restore functional integrity

• less risk of infection

• less scarring

• wound edges are lined up

• increased risk for infection

• increased risk for scarring

• slower healing

• wound is open & heals from wound to floor up

tissue has a tough time healing

resistant to healing

• redness

• inflamed

• edges are rough

wound reopened

too much collagen

fibrous connection between cavities & tissues

persistent

• lasting several weeks or longer

• formation of granulomas

the response to sudden body damage

• ex: cutting your finger