Biology paper one last minute revision

carcinogen - causes cancer

narrows blood vessels and is addictive

reduces the oxygen carrying capacity of RBCs

COPD and coronary heart disease

caused by tar which stimulates goblet cells and mucus glands to enlarge, producing more mucus. The mucus can block the bronchioles and cause smokers cough.

phagocytes that enter the lungs release an enzyme that breaks down the elastic fibers in the alveoli. This means the alveoli become less elastic and cannot stretch so many burst. The breakdown of alveoli reduces the surface area for gas exchange.

when emphysema and chronic bronchitis both occur

sex cells

thread like structures of DNA carrying genetic information in the form of genes (located in the nucleus)

Short lengths of DNA found in chromosomes

Different variations of a particular gene

The allele that is expressed in the phenotype unless it is not present

The allele that is only expressed if two copies of the allele are present and the dominant allele is not present

The combination of alleles that control each characteristic

The observable characteristics of an organism

The process by which evolution occurs

the continued existence of organisms which are better adapted for their environment

Medicinal drugs that are effective against bacteria and work by inhibiting cell processes in bacterial cells.

Biconcave cells with no nucleus

Large white cells with a large nucleus found within the blood

Small fragments of cells

Straw coloured liquid

Transports oxygen around the body

Used in immunity by protecting the body from foreign pathogens and microorganisms

Forms blood clots to prevent excessive blood loss and to prevent microorganisms from entering the body through the wound.

Transports substances such as: urea, hormones, carbon dioxide, red and white blood cells, platelets, thermal energy and digested products like glucose and amino acids

the waste substance produced in the breakdown of proteins by the liver; it is dissolved in the plasma and transported to the kidneys

chemical messengers released into the blood from the endocrine organs (glands) and delivered to target tissues/organs of the body

Phagocytes engulf the pathogen

The pathogen is enclosed in a phagosome

Digestive enzymes are then released in order to break down and destroy the pathogen

Dead pathogens

Weakened or altered pathogens

Antigens from the pathogen

Vaccines contain antigens

These antigens will not cause illness

The antigens are encountered by lymphocytes

The lymphocytes then produce complimentary antibodies against the antigen

The antibodies bind to the antigens and release chemicals to attract phagocytes

Memory cells are produced to provide long term immunity

a collection of platelets

Platelets release chemicals that cause soluble fibrinogen proteins to convert into insoluble fibrin and form an insoluble mesh across the wound

This traps red blood cells

A clot is formed

The clot eventually dries and develops into a scab to protect the wound from bacteria entering

an organism that contains DNA from a different species

sticks the vector and dna together

vectors for bacteria and human cells

vectors for bacteria and yeast

Digested food products including glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, glycerol and more are diffused from the lumen of the small intestine to the blood and the lymph in villi found covering the walls of the small intestine

Oxygen moves from the air spaces between mesophyll cells to the mitochondria in all cells for respiration

Carbon dioxide moves from air spaces between the mesophyll cells to the chloroplasts in mesophyll cells

Water vapour moves from the stomatal pores to the air outside the stomata

Oxygen moves from the alveolar air space to the blood in capillaries around alveoli

Carbon dioxide moves from blood in capillaries around alveoli to alveolar air spaces

Contains genetic material that controls cell activities

Controls the substances that go in and out of the cell

Contains enzymes, and is where all the chemical reactions take place.

where protein synthesis takes place

Where respiration occurs

contains a green pigment called chlorophyll which allows photosynthesis to take place

Contains cell sap which supports the cell

A rigid structure made of cellulose which supports and strengthens the cell

A group of similar cells that work together to carry out a particular function

A group of different tissue cells that work together to carry out a particular function

They feed by secreting extracellular digestive enzymes onto the food and then absorbing the digested molecules.

The impulse will release neurotransmitters which diffuse across the synapse and bind to the next neurone so that the impulse can travel

Having two identical alleles for a particular gene.

Having two different alleles for a particular gene

Blood vessels move towards the surface so that more heat is lost by radiation

prepares the body for fight or flight by increasing the heart rate and dilating the pupils

Stimulates liver to turn glucose into glycogen for storage

1. Gamete formation

2. Pollination

3. Fertilisation

4. Seed and fruit formation

5. Seed dispersal

6. Germination

changes the genetic material of an organism by removing, changing or inserting individual genes

It is transparent and refracts the light passing through to focus it onto the back of the eye

contains light receptors cells which are connected to sensory neurons that send information from the detected light to the brain

The ciliary muscles and the suspensory ligaments

The lens gets fatter because the ciliary muscle contract and the suspensory ligaments slacken

The lens gets thinner because the ciliary muscles relax and the suspensory ligaments pull tight