Immune System Review

monocytes mature into macrophages which can leave the blood vessels and enter tissues

lymphocytes that phagocytose germs and present their antigens to CD4 cells

antimicrobial peptides; tiny proteins secreted from the skin to prevent infections, a chemical barrier; defensin, lysozyme

proteins secreted by effector B-cells; bind specifically to one pathogen antigen and are highly specific; mark that cell for death

large antibody (pentamer); released by plasma cells

acts as a B-cell receptor

most abundant, small, and can cross placental barrier

produce antibodies to pathogens

remember the antibodies produced towards a specific germ to “prime” them in case of reinfection

secrete antibodies to the antigen (up to 2k/sec); antibodies mark any cell with that antigen for death; most cloned b-lymphocytes become this

get cells to change their behavior and do something new

presence of certain PAMPs results in another chemical cascade that triggers the hypothalamus to increase the normal temperature of the body; increases the efficiency of complement and decreases growth rate of pathogens

Very small molecules that are foreign to the body, but not immunogenic; will combine with a self protein and cause an immune response that will attack your own cells and not the hapten itself

stimulation of the proliferation of lymphocytes and antibodies

acute and chronic; reddened skin, localized heat, edema and pain; increased temperature heat stresses the bacteria, and they don’t grow as fast

dilates blood vessels and makes them more permeable; delivers more blood and resources to the site of infection, results in rapid healing; recruits phagocytes to kill infections pathogens and prevent the spread of infection

long, lasting, generally damaging reaction to infection which itself can cause disease

protein matrix on your cells that displays either “self” or “non-self” proteins that are being made in the cell; each has a different shape

inside body cells and will display either self-proteins or non-self proteins (sick cells); connect with CD8 cells

displayed on immune cells and will display self-proteins or antigens to activate immune response; connect with CD4 cells

traps bacteria in its viscous and acidic fluid which eats away at the bacteria; more likely to have an infection because it’s wet

antibodies or other proteins mark the pathogen for death

germ antigen; pathogen associated molecular patterns; all are antigens; identifies pathogens and reveals them to the immune system to activate innate immune response; specific immune responses for specific PAMPs

virus, bacteria, or microorganism that will cause a disease; unicellular, parasites are multicellular

WBCs surround and engulf pathogens

the antibodies’ ability to react to whatever’s going on in the system; react to activated lymphocytes and antibodies produced by the immune response

formed by enzymes in the cell membranes of cells that secrete toxic compounds; used to kill nearby cells; example is hydrogen peroxide

release cytokines to attract other cells to an area of infection

helper cells that help coordinate immune response; connects with MHC II of antigen presenting IMMUNE cell and realizes that there’s a foreign antigen in the body; both immune and CD4 release cytokines and T-cells clone itself; the clones release different cytokines to activate B cell antibody production and CD8 cells are activated to become cytotoxic and kill the germ

cytotoxic killer cells that destroy the body’s infected body cells; connect with MHC I on body cell that has been infected and CD8 cell produces perforins and granzymes; perforins form holes in the cell’s membrane and granzymes enter the cell and break down the inside, resulting in apoptosis

many stained organelles giving them a grainy look; basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils

few or no organelles; lymphocytes and monocytes

the specific spot on an antigen that the antibody binds to; a combination of antigens that your body can build antibodies to; this is where antibodies or leukocyte receptors bind to attack

produce histamine leading to inflammatory response

phagocytose bacteria and viruses

lead attack against parasitic worms

produce antibodies against specific invaders

function to phagocytose bacteria and other invading pathogens; can mature into macrophages

cytokines that dampen the immune response

T-cells (CD4) will recognize the cell with that antigen fragment and cause a release of cytokines (this happens before CD8 activation) which then activates CD8 cells and the proliferation of B cells. B-cells whose antigen receptor connects with the PAMP will start to clone themselves after connecting, then they become effector cells after cloning and throw their antibodies at the germs. The process of opsonization with complements that bind the germs together. Humoral immunity intercepts the germs. Inflammation causes the germs to denature and dilates the blood vessels to send more WBCs to the site of infection. Diapedesis makes the monocytes become macrophages and leave the blood vessels through the lymph to get to the site of infection. WBCs find the infection through chemotaxis. Phagocytosis and the WBC (dendritic cell) eats the germ; it migrates to the lymph nodes and shares the antigen with CD4 and CD8 cells.

Systemic infection is an infection through the blood stream, e.g. flu. Gives headache and makes you tired so that you isolate yourself to prevent spreading and allows your body to use all your energy to fight. Your body gets colder so that you stay warm. Staying warm will help you fever.

Innate immunity is something you’re born with and adaptive immunity is gained through time with exposure to pathogens. Innate immunity can include- skin and WBCs; acquired immunity includes- CD4 and CD8, b cells, and antibodies

Proteins secreted by effector B-cells; they’re limited because they’re so specific that they only fit to certain PAMPs. If the pathogen mutates, that antibody will no longer be useful against the infectious agent.

A condition in which the immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance; IgE is involved in this

Cellular immune response is when T-cells recognize non-self antigen fragments. The cellular response kills the germs and directs immune response. The humoral immune response is just the process of antibodies being made to stop the movement of these germs and inactivate the PAMPs. The memory (B) cells remain after the infectious agent is gone while the CD8 also remain but are inactive until the signal from CD4.

FISH is used to put a tracer molecule on nonsticky part of antibody to have the infected cells glow. ELISA puts a linked enzyme on an antibody and if the antigen is present and they link, the enxyme will go through a color change.

It slows down the proliferation of the foreign agent as well as denaturing the protein, allowing the T-cells and B-cells time to kill the germs. It also dilates the blood vessels to allow more WBCs to go to the site of infection.

Since B-cells and T-cells were already exposed to the infectious agent before, they remember the PAMP through memory cells and this allows them to be able to quickly attack the agent during the second infection through antibodies and T-cells.

Through gene shuffling, the bone marrow creates B-cells with different antigen receptors on them, creating a large variety of antigen receptors. The recognition of these agents is only through chance.

Depending on the pathogen, an infection will cause changes in the proportions of WBCs in the blood. This different proportion can show what kind of infection the body is dealing with.

The high salt concentration rids the skin of moisture, preventing bacterial growth. Dead, dry skin cells because no moisture means no growth. Dendritic cells phagocytose invading microorganisms. AMPs prevent infections. Lysozyme lyses bacterial cell membranes and causes the virus to pop

A local infection is at a certain area and causes a mini-fever while a systemic infection affects a whole system and will cause a fever all around.

B-cells win the lottery and connect with the PAMP. They then start cloning themselves and after a certain amount of cloning, they become effector cells which throw their antibodies in the plasma.

Pathogens are unicellular and parasites and multicellular organisms.

Red bone marrow

Provides the WBCs and pathogens with a battleground and drains them from the body, effectively killing and removing the invading pathogen.

The majority of a population gains immunity to a disease which prevents the spread of the disease.

With the creation of vaccines, it’s prevented the spread of diseases as well as with quarantining. Medication has also allowed for the infectious diseases to die faster, however, they’ll be more likely to mutate.

Immune response is solely due to “artifical” antibodies​; maternal antibodies or antivenom; protection ends when antibodies degrade

b-cells encounter antigens and MAKE the antibodies; can also be gained through vaccines

modified monocytes that phagocytose invading microorganisms