Intro to Human Phys - Ch 3: Cells and Tissues

basic structural and functional unit of living and organisms

barrier for cell contents (made of phospholipids with proteins to let things through)

zipper-like fusion that creates leakproof sheets

“rivets” that anchor cells together and prevent cells from being pulled apart my mechanical stress

hollow cylinders of proteins form pores that allow small molecules to pass from cell to cell

control center of the cell (contains genetic material aka DNA)

a double membrane with nuclear pores and contains the nucleoplasm

one or more per nucleus, ribosomes assembly

composed of DNA wound around histones, scattered throughout the nucleus when cell is not dividing. condenses and form chromosomes when cell divides

contains cytosol (fluid that suspends other elements), organelles, and inclusions

site of protein synthesis and is made of protein and rRNA

fluid tunnels that carry substances

has ribosomes, manufactures all secreted proteins, creates membrane proteins and phospholipids.

lacks ribosomes and contains enzymes that function in liver, synthesis of steroid-based hormones, intestinal cells, and in skeletal and cardiac muscle which store and release calcium.

stack of flattened membranes that modifies, concentrates, and packages proteins and lipids (like UPS of cell)

membranous bags that contain digestive enzymes (acid hydrolases) which digest ingested bacteria, viruses and toxins. degrade nonfunctional organelles, and destroy cells in injured or nonuseful tissue (autolysis)

membranous sacs of oxidase and catalase enzymes (detoxify harmful substances such as alcohol and formaldehyde)

provides the cell with an internal framework that determines cell shape, supports organelles, and directs intracellular transport. three types: microfilaments (smallest), intermediate filaments, microtubules (largest)

generate microtubules and direct the formation of mitotic spindle during cell division

little hairs that move materials across the cell surface (ex: on respiratory tract to move mucus)

tail that propels the cell (sperm is the only one with this extension)

tiny finger-like extensions of the plasma membrane (increase surface area for absorption)

secretes cable-like fibers

carries oxygen in the bloodstream

cell that cover and line body organs

cells that move organs and body parts

lipid droplets stores in cytoplasm, cell that stores nutrients

digest infectious microorganisms and fights disease

receives and transmits messages to other body structures, gathers info and controls body functions

homogeneous mixture of two or more components

dissolves medium; present in the larger quality (H2O in the human body)

compounds in smaller quantities within a solution

nucleoplasm and cytosol

fluid outside of cell, mainly as interstitial fluid

movement into and out of cell

measure of the difference of a solute between two points of a solution

solute is moving from a higher to a lower concentration of solutes

solute is moving from a lower to a higher concentration and requires energy

substances are transported across the membrane without any input from cell

the cell provides the metabolic energy (ATP) to drive the transport process

unassisted movement of solutes

transports lilid-insoluble substances, charged substances, and substances too large for passage through membrane pores. (uses membrane channels or protein molecules that act as carriers)

simple diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

the ability of a solution to cause a cell to shrink or swell

equal amount of solute and water concentrations on both sides of membrane; cells gain and lose water at same rate

water is drawn out of the cell because the solution contains more solutes

water is drawn into the cell because the cell contains more solutes

water and solutes are forced through a membrane by fluid pressure (like how a french press works)

small lipid-soluble

lipid-insoluble

ions and other molecules

ATP is used to move substances across a membrane

material is carried in a membranous sac called a vesicle that migrates to and combines with the plasma membrane, contents are emptied outside

extracellular substances are engulfed in a membranous vesicle, vesicle detaches from the plasma membrane and moves into the cell, once in cell will fuse with a lysosome

cell engulfs large particles such as bacteria or dead body cells, protective mechanism

cell “gulps” droplets of extracellular fluid containing dissolved proteins or fats

series of changes a cell will experience from the time it is formed until it divides

cell grows and carries on metabolic processes

cell reproduces itself

A bonds to T and G bonds to C

division of nucleus

division of cytoplasm

nuclear envelope and nucleoli brake down and chromatin coils into chromosomes

chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell on the metaphase plate

centromere splits and chromatids move slowly apart towards opposite ends of the cell

chromosomes uncoil and become chromatin, nuclear envalope re-forms around chromatin

DNA segment that carries a blueprint for building one protein

contains U instead of T and is single stranded

helps form the ribosomes where proteins are built

carries the instructions for building a protein

escorts appropriate amino acids to the ribosome for building the protien

transfer of information from DNA’s base sequence to the complementary base sequence of mRNA

three-base sequences on mRNA

three-base sequence of DNA

three-base sequence of tRNA

cells that fit closely together to form sheets that cover and line surfaces of the body

single layer

more than one layer of cells (function primarily in protection)

flattened cell (similar to fish scales)

cube-shaped cells

column shaped cell

cells are different sizes but there is still only one layer of cells

cells are able to change shape (stretch)

usually forms membranes that line air sacs, walls of capillaries, and serous membranes that line organs in ventral cavity.

common in glands and their ducts, forms walls of kidney tubules, and covers surface of ovaries

line the digestive tract from stomach to anus

line body cavities that are open to the exterior

located in the respiratory tract, functions in absorption or secretion

protective covering where friction is common, lining of the skin, mouth, and esophagus

rare in the body, found mainly in ducts of large glands

functions in stretching and the ability to return to normal shape (founds in the lining of urinary bladder)

one or more cells responsible for secreting a substance onto a surface, into a cavity, or into blood.

ductless; secretions (hormones) diffuse into blood vessels (thyroid, adrenals, and pituitary)

secretions empty through ducts to the epithelial surface (sweat and oil glands, liver, and pancreas)

functions: protection, supporting, cushioning, insulating

nonliving material that surrounds living cells

mostly water, along with adhesion proteins and polysaccharide molecules

fibers that are tough and bendable

fibers that stretch

fibers that form a mesh