Fundamentals: Final Exam (Cumulative)

Protection, promotion, and optimization of health/abilities Prevention of illness and injury Alleviation of suffering through diagnosis and treatment Advocacy for the individual, family, and populations

Artful Science. Nurses... Deliver care artfully with compassion, caring, and respect Based on continually changing body of evidence, innovation, and discoveries Quality of care at a level of excellence that is patient centered

Advanced practice registered nurses, nurse administrators/managers, nurse educators, nurse researcher, nurse entrepreneurship

Ethics, evidenced-based practice/research, quality of practice, communication, leadership, collaboration, professional practice evaluation, resource use, environmental health

Practice in a holistic, caring framework using EBP Promotes safe, quality patient care Use clinical/critical reasoning in caregiving Assume accountability for one's own and delegated nursing care

Patient-Centered Care Teamwork & Collaboration Evidenced-based Practice Quality Improvement Safety Informatics

The heart of a nurse's ability is to work with people The core of nursing for positive patient outcomes Demonstrates cultural competence Follows a code of ethics for decision of making

Providing presence, touch, listening, knowing the patient, remembering the patient's perception of care is #1 importance

Evidence Based Practice

Assessment Diagnosis Planning Implementation Evaluation

Specific Measurable Achievable/Attainable Realistic Timely

Care provided face-to-face with a person

Care provided for a person without face-to-face contact

Collect data, organize data, validate data

identification of a disease condition based on a specific evaluation of physical signs and symptoms, patient's medical history, or results of diagnostic test/procedures

-Setting priorities -Establishing goals and outcomes -Selecting nursing interventions/activities -Sharing the nursing care plan

Treatments, activites, actions based upon clinical judgment and knowledge

-nurses perform these activities to to ensure quality nursing care and promotion of positive outcomes

Final phase of nursing process and occurs not only at the end, but throughout the whole nursing process. The process of determining the progress toward attainment of goal and effectiveness of care. Nurse reassesses the patient taking into consideration where the patient was before the planned intervention.

Activities that nurses are licensed to initiate based on their knowledge and skill

Activities carried out under the physician's order or supervision or according to specified routines

Activities with overlapping responsibilities of and partnerships between health personnel

-Patient's comfort safety and well-being are all influenced by this

Bathing, grooming, dressing, eating, toileting, and "being mobile" (walking) are referred to as...

Provide general cleanliness and well-being Decrease the likelihood of infections Promote effective circulation Give nurse the opportunity to assess the patient in-depth

Poor circulation, podiatrist, cold feet...no heat, do not heal easily

Flat, low-fowlers, semi-fowlers, high-fowlers, trendelenburg, reverse trendelenberg

Fowler's, trendelenburg/reverse, supine, prone, side-lying, sims

Waterless antiseptic hand rub, soap and water, surgical scrub

Prevents-fall, harm, and therapy interruption. Always needs a physician's order. Follow agency protocol. Try alternatives first.

When the patient do the exercises by themselves

When the nurse does the exercises

The inability to move the whole body or a body part

A state of decreased or absent use of an organ or a body part

Primary function is unclear Provides healing and restoration Important for recovering from illness or surgery Just as important as diet and exercise E

poor concentration impaired judgement decrease in regular daily activities increases irritability

hypersomnolence, insomnia, sleep apnea, narcolepsy

Neonates (up to 16 hours) Infants (around 15 hours) Toddlers (12 hours) Preschoolers (12 hours) School-Age Children (9-12 hours) Adolescents (around 7, need 8-10) Young Adults (6 to 8.5 hours) Middle and Older Adults (7 to 9 hours)

Hand hygiene Gloves, gowns, masks, eye protection, face shields

-Clean Hands -Gown -Gloves -Use Disposable Equipments

Gown, mask, goggles, gloves

Gloves, goggles, gown, mask

Medical Asepsis: -Reduction of the number and spread of disease causing agents -Inhibits growth and spread of pathogens -"Clean Technique"

Surgical Asepsis -The complete elimination of the disease-causing agents and their spores for the surface of an object -"Sterile Technique"

Droplets larger than 5 microns Private room for patient Patient should wear standard mask if leaving room

(PIMP- Pneumonias, Influenza, Mumps/Meningitis, Pertussis (whooping cough))

Clean hands, wear mask, wear eye protection, gown, and gloves

Droplet less than 5 microns Private room for the patient Negative pressure airflow

(MTV- Measles/meningitis, tuberculosis (pulmonary), varicella (chicken pox))

Clean hands, wear fitted N95 mask

Dose Route Time Individual Medication Indication Documentation

Medication schedules determined by agencies and institute for safe medication process guidelines

Facilities determine critical and non-critical

DRTIMID

Enteral/ Non-parental - Oral, installation, gastric tube, inhalation, irrigation, vaginal/rectal, topical administration

Parenteral- Intradermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous

Infants and children (parental help, anatomy consideration)

Older adults (physiological, behavioral, economic factors)

-Rapid affect -Appropriate when patient is unable to use other routes -Rapid reaction -Timely

-maintain daily body fluid -restore previous body losses -replace present body fluid losses

-Pain, tenderness, erythema, vascular access site warm to touch, edema, induration, purulence, or palpable venous cord

-Edema or swelling at site or in surrounding tissue, discomfort at the vascular site, decrease in the rate of the infusion or complete stop in flow, failure to obtain blood return

-Blood backing up into the tubing can cause clotting if not cleared

-Intravenous infections are not readily noticeable at the vascular access site. So be aware that an unexplained rise in temperature and an elevated white blood count in a patient receiving intravenous therapy might be related to IV infection

-Avoid bruised areas when starting short peripheral access devices, bruising at insertion site usually means trauma to the vein caused at the time of initiation

-Caused by rapid infusion of solution

-Patient will complain of pain traveling up the extremity caused sometimes when the cannula is small and fluid infusion is fast

-Caused by air not being cleared from tubing air has entered into the vascular system

-Patient has received too much fluid

-Patient is sensitive to IV solutions or admixtures in solutions

-Can occur if nurse reinserts stylet into cannula

-Avoid areas where nerves are located -Monitor sites frequently and remove when patient complains of paresthesia-type pain

Record in client's/patient's record per employing institution's protocol

-Age -Placement -Need

-Chose the appropriate size vascular access device -Administer in a "y-setup" along with normal saline (0.9%) -Prime tubing with normal saline first, and then spike blood NOTE: tubing are only good for 4 hours -Thoroughly check blood prior to administering (involves checking ID number, checking ID band, blood type of patient and blood, expiration date/time). Document per policy -Inspect blood products dark or purple blood may be contaminated also inspect for gas bubbles -Blood should be administered as soon as it arrives from the blood bank. It should never be put in a refrigerator. -Check and record baseline vital signs before starting -Remain with recipient and monitor vital signs at least fifteen minutes of infusion

most common transfusion reaction- usually due to recipient's sensitivity to donor's WBCs

observe for fever, headache, flushed face, chills, changes in vital signs

usually due to a hypersensitivity to antibodies or plasma proteins in the donor blood

observe for hives, itching, redness,and wheezing, also flushing hypotension

heart can't handle the amount of fluid being infused

cough, dyspnea, anxiety, increase in vital signs, distended neck veins

Usually due to ABO incompatibility, recipient receive wrong blood. Antibodies in the recipient's blood react with antigens on donor cells causing agglutination and cell destruction. Mild or DEADLY

increase in vital signs, blood pressure dropping, fever, chills, nausea/vomiting, difficulty breathing, back pain, changes in urinary status, and shock.

Due to contaminated donor unit

high fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hypotension. Will not develop as rapidly as other types of reactions

Rare. Occurs of recipient is IgA deficient. Occurs quickly.

respiratory distress, nausea/vomiting, signs leading to shock and cardiac arrest

person donated his/her own blood some weeks prior to a planned surgical procedure

special equipment for capturing blood loss at surgery and returning to the patient

Only trained personnel who demonstrate competence for insertion and maintenance are allowed to do this.

Wash hands, wear mask, remove old dressing, change dressing using aseptic technique, needleless connecters changed per hospital policy

Transparent: 5-7 days Gauze: 2 days

96 hours for most 24 hours for parenteral nutrition 12 hours for blood

72-96 hours

2-4 hours on adults, hourly for children and elderly

10 mL

Cardiac arrhythmias, artery puncture, pneumothorax, air embolism, cardiac tamponade, infection, thrombosis

Edges of the wounds are defined and easily pulled close with sutures. Wounds heal in an orderly and predictable fashion. These wounds heal quickly. Scarring is minimal and risk of infection risk is low.

Tissue is lost and therefore wound edges cannot be pulled together. Wound has to be left opened (non-sutured). These wounds heal from the bottom up, filling with granulation. Granulation tissue becomes a scar. New skin will cover the wound.

Delayed primary closure. A wound in which the edges could be pulled together and closed with sutures or staples but is purposely left open for 3-5 days due to excessive drainage, hemorrhage, or infection in

clear and watery

pale red or pink and watery type of drainage

drainage that is primarily composed of actual bright red blood

pus, liquefied necrotic tissue, often indicative of infection

is loose, stringy, hydrated tissue that is usually yellow "pizza cheese"

is dehydrated, thick, leathery tissue that is usually black

Wet-to-dry dressings, pulsed low-pressure irrigation, whirlpool treatments

Covers the wound with a dressing that supports moisture at the wound surface. It seals the wound, keeps it moist, and promotes the removal of the dead tissue via lysis of the dead tissue by using the body's natural enzymes and WBCs Ex.Hydrocolloid

Application of a topical enzyme preparation such as Dakin's solution or sterile maggots that either dissolve or digest dead tissue.

Using a scalpel, scissors, or other sharp instrument to cut away dead tissue

self-adhesive, transparent film dry gauze wet-to-dry dressings hydrocolloid hydrogels foams alginates negative pressure wound therapy/wound vac wound closure: staples/sutures/steri-strips

Weight changes Energy levels Physical signs of malnutrition Hair, nails, skin Tongue Dietary intake history Weight for height Fluid status

Rapid, significant weight changes Intake and Output Weighing

Delivering liquid nutrients via tube in the GI tract. Patients must be able to digest/absorb nutrients in order to use enteral feedings.

Used for patients who cannot receive digest and absorb nutrients via the GI tract at all. Nutrition is delivered entirely through a vascular access device.

-Observe stomas constantly, stomas that are not a brick-red color it is a medical emergency

-Skin sealants, stoma powder, and stoma paste can help protect the skin surrounding the stoma

-Bags are reusable, don't clean the inside with hot water to protect the odor control

-Some types of foods are restricted for people. Nuts, raisins, corn, popcorn, and foods with seeds are problematic. Irrigation may be necessary.

-B-12 deficiency is common

-Medications need to be adjusted due to the shortening length of the remaining intestine

-Hydration is important

-Psychological impacts