Studied by 5 peopleis the input and retrieval of what has been learned or experienced
Memory
transforming of info so that the nervous system can process it
Encoding
You are using _________when you try to remember something by saying it allowed.
acoustic codes
is an attempt to keep visual pictures
visual codes
try to make words or phrases
semantic code
info that is maintained over time; few seconds or longer; in memory system
storage
info is brought to mind from storage: used
retrieval
what are the three stages of memory?
sensory, short-term, long-term
sight, hearing, touch can hold input for a fraction of a second; this is the INITIAL storage
Sensory memory
who used a tachistoscope and believed that humans can recall a visual image of letters for a brief moment, before it is discarded from memory
George Spering
stimuli that created a visual image of letters; reflect system
iconic memory
auditory sensory memory; 1-2 seconds
echoic memory
info at any moment is held here; info entered temporary; fragile, narrowed down, short-lived, temporary
Short-term memory
where are majority of memories held?
Hippocampus
where are memories with emotion held?
Amygdala
repeat info out loud; short-term info
Maintenance rehearsal
how long does short-term info last w/o rehearsal?
20 seconds
connect letters together to become one; stored as a unit
chunking
able to recall info presented at beginning or end of a list; lasts 15 seconds
Primary-Recency Effect
remembering only the beginning of a list
Primary
remembering only the end of a list
Recency
mental scratch pad; happening right now but temporary; can be erased for more permanent info; problem solving
Working memory
info stored over extended periods of time; divided into categories
Long-term memory
Who believed in the distinction of Semantic memory and episodic memory?
Endel Tulving
knowledge of language; general knowledge of the world; rules of logic; rules/words/meanings
Semantic Memory
memory of our own life: remember specific sequence, time, place, context; personal
Episodic memory
Who believed in declarative memory?
L.S Squire
names/faces; factual info; use when needed
declarative memory
who believed that memory was essential to survival?
William James
Who believed in the learning curve and in paper “memory”?
Herman Ebbinghaus
what is deep in the front of the cortex?
Striatum
hypothetical means by which memory traces are stored
Engram
organized to be transformed into long-term
Elaborative memory
organizing to remember
Mnemonics
what is short term repetitive?
Rehearsal
Who searched for an engram by using a rat maze?
Karl S. Lasheley
Note
Flashcard