nutr exam 3- trace minerals

absorbed in small intestine, animal sources are generally better absorbed

iron, iodine, zinc, copper, fluoride, selenium

genetics, nutritional status, nutrient interactions, aging

true

the failure to thrive and grow

not far above the estimated requirements

daily dietary needs are less than 100 mges

help certain hormones

helps to maintain healthy red blood cells

protects teeth

cofactors that work with enzymes in critical chemical reactions

most abundant trace mineral in the body absorption increased by vit C intake, decreased by tannic acid (tea, coffee) and calcium in milk need more when pregnant or in childhood absorption is influenced by iron stores- it increases if body stores are low body only absorbs 10-15% of iron consumed

heme iron and nonheme iron

more easily absorbed, found in animals

found in plants and animal foods, poorly absorbed

hemoglobin in red blood cells transports oxygen from lungs to tissues and picks up carbon dioxide wast from cells myoglobin transports and stores oxygen in muscle cells aids in brain function by helping enzymes that make neurotransmitters

females 19-50: 18mg/day females after menopause: 8mg/day males: 8mg.day

45 mg/day

meat, fish, enriched grains and cereals, green leafy veggies

anemia, women and vegans at higher risk, often due to blood loss

hemochromatosis- most common genetic disorder in the US, causes the body to absorb too much iron and leads to lvier damage and infections

needed by thryroid to make essential hormones, about 60% of thyroid hormones are iodide synthesis of T4--> development of CNS

150 ug/day

iodized salt, salt water fish amount in foods is low

goiter- englarged thyroid gland in fetal development- can cause cretinism (congenital hypothyroidism)

the ionic form of iodine an essential mineral

an essential trace mineral involved in gene expression, immune function, and cell growth cofactor for many enzymes- in RNA synthesis, alcohol metabolism wound healing, antioxidant, taste acuity, sexual development

chocolate, shellfish, meats, poultry, liver, whole grains

reduced by nonheme iron in intestinal tract, high-fiber diet, phytates enhanced by animal protein consumption

females: 8mg/day males: 11mg/day

40mg/day

hair loss, delayed growth in children, loss of appetite, impaired sense of taste, diarrhea, delayed sexual maturation, impotence, skin rash seen especially in pregnant women, children, elderly, and poor

cofactor for nine enzymes involved in redox reactions

• ATP production, iron metabolism, neural function, antioxidant function, connective tissue synthesis

cupric (Cu2+): oxidized cuprous (Cu+): reduced

organ meats, shellfish, whole-grains, mushrooms, nuts, legumes

antacids, iron

900ug/day

10,000ug/day

usually consequence of high zinc suppliements normocytic, hypochromic anemia rare genetic disroder affects Cu status- Menkes disease

wilsons disease- accumulates copper in the liver, brain, kidneys, and cornea leading to premature death if left undetected excess copper can cause stomach cramps, nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, liver damage

not classified as essential bc the body does not require it for normal growth and development maintains healthy teeth and strong bones- increases bone mineral density, reduced incidence of osteopororsis

in small intestine

found naturally in plants and animals, often added to water supply foods are not the best source- better to get from fluoridated drinking water and other beverages with it

increased risk of dental cariesfl

flurosis in teeth and bones prevalent GI upset, excessive production of saliva, watery eyes, heart probs, coma

antioxidant, makes thyroid hormone active

may increase risk for heart disease

meats and other animal products, whole grains