L20 Hormones and Reproduction

testes and ovaries are undifferentiated until the ___ week of gestation

the ___ gene on the Y chromosome encodes _____-determining factor

hormones determine gender via ________ and ________ effects

system that needs hormones from testes to form; receptors for those hormones must be present; MALE

the default system (needs no hormonal stimulus from gonads); FEMALE

hormone that causes the Mullerian system to wither away; defeminization

sex hormones that cause the Wolffian system to develop into the vas deferens, seminal vesicles, and prostate; masculinization

the primordial external genitalia also develop into the penis and scrotum

a type of androgen that masculinizes internal sex organs

enzyme that converts testosterone into the more powerful dihydrotestosterone (DHT), necessary to form male genitalia

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) & luteinizing hormone (LH) are two types of…

hormone released from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland to stimulate the production and release of the gonadotropic hormones

hypothalamic peptide that simulates the release of GnRH; involved in the onset of puberty

hormone released by the hypothalamus to inhibit gonadotropic secretion

(MALE) Fill in the blanks using the following: LH, FSH, testosterone, hypothalamus, testes, GnRH, anterior pituitary

__________ → _____ → _______ _______ → ____ & ___ → ______ → ________ → ___________

(FEMALE #1) Fill in the blanks using the following: FSH, estrogen, hypothalamus, follicle, anterior pituitary, GnRH, ovaries

_________ → _____ → ______ _______ → ___ → ______ → _______ → _______ → _________

(FEMALE #2) Fill in the blanks using the following: LH, anterior pituitary, corpus luteum, hypothalamus, ovulation, progesterone, GnRH, ovaries

______ → ____ → ______ ______ → ___ → _______ → ________ → ______ ______ → ________ → _________

pills that contain synthetic steroids which feed back on the hypothalamus and inhibit release of GnRH

• symptoms of menopause include….

• menopause also increases the risk of ____ and _______

female rats injected w/ ______ early in life failed to show _____ as adults; when these same rats are injected w/ ______ in adulthood, they would show ______

enzyme that converts testosterone to estradiol

hypothesis that testosterone enters the brain and is converted there to estrogens, which mascunalize the developing rodent brain

in female rats, estrogen does NOT enter the brain and is kept in the bloodstream where it is bonded with _-________, preventing aromatization and masculinization

rats don’t have enough of these proteins when estrogen is injected → masculinization

the 2 parts of the MALE rat brain involved in sexual behavior are…

medial amygdala:

• destruction disrupts _______ behavior

• mating causes production of ____ protein

medial pre optic area:

• destruction abolishes sexual behavior

• prenatal stress reduces size of ______ ______ nucleus and decreases sexual behavior

• mating causes production of ___ protein

• injection of _______ enhances/disrupts sexual behavior of castrated rats

chemical signals that communicate information b/t animals of the same species to help coordinate their reproductive activities

organ that has specialized receptor cells near to but separate from the olfactory epithelium and detects pheromones; activates male arousal in rats

VNO information → accessory _____ bulb → medial ______ → medial ________ ____

female rat’s interest in mating

female rat’s willingness to mate

AKA sexually receptive, in heat, estrus

position female rat takes to let male know she is receptive

how healthy a mate is; animals know this depending on olfactory cues (hormones)

the 3 parts of the FEMALE rate brain involved in sexual behavior are…

ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus (VMH):

• destruction abolishes sexual behavior (lordosis)

• mating causes production of ___ protein

• neurons contain _____ and ________ receptors

• injection of _____ and _______ enhances/disrupts sexual behavior of overiectomized rats

periaqueductal gray matter:

• destruction abolishes sexual behavior (lordosis)

• _____ treatment or stimulation of ___ increases/decreases neural activity

• neurons contain _____ and _______ receptors

the brain region involved in sexual behavior that is the same in both male and female rats is…

important for female proceptive behavior

increases proceptive behavior and activates receptivity

female rats are ONLY receptive during _____ whereas women are receptive at ___ point during their cycle

genetic disorder:

• there is EITHER no anti-Mullerian hormone OR no receptors for it

• autosomal recessive disorder

• undescended testes and small uterus

• usually infertile, male identity

genetic disorder:

• lack of androgen receptors prevents masculinization & de-feminizing effects of a androgens

• XY - have testes (internal) and anti-Mullerian hormone

• external sex organs are clitoris and labia

• infertile (no Mullerian system)

• at puberty, breasts develop, hips widen, but no menstruation

genetic disorder:

• adrenal glands secrete large amounts of androgen → prenatal masculinization

• XY - develop normally

• XX - enlarged clitoris, partly fused labia

• prenatal androgens masculinize the brain

2 structures of the brain that are bigger in males are…