gencide unit 3 - holocaust

a democracy created after WWI after kaizer wilhelm fled to the netherlands

forced upon them by the victors of wwi, they werent used to democracy and struggled to trust its authority

yes, by the communists in 1919 and by the nazi’s in 1920 and 1923

excitement/creativity and anxiety/fear

newly permitted freedom of expression in art, music, dance and womens roles which caused experimentation and creativity to flourish

the changes in pace made people uneasy and sparked backlash, and there was a fear of the spread of communism

hyperinflation from printing too much money to pay for its debts from the treaty of versailles, cost of living grew and the marks became worthless

the great depression! hit germans particularly hard

unemployment, poverty, homelessness and starvation grew (esp in vulnurable groups)

they were disillusioned with the government’s inability to fix their problems so they turned to radical, anti-democracy parties like the nazis

coalition govs were common and shaky, with parties across the poltical spectrum clashing violently

that there had been back stabbers that beytrayed germany, causing their loss

anger and bitterness

soc dems. catholic central party (coalition at the time), socialists jews

war guilt claus

reduced army and navy

territory and nat ressources taken away

had to pay allied countries for all their losses from the war

made the feel bitter, whoch was used to rally public support of the nazis

almost won the election, had a lot of public support, so hindenburg appointed him

manipulated his way into power after winning the parliament (reichstag), then enacting emergency powers

1871, no, they were the “other” group and were often scapegoats for germany’s problems (ex: loss of wwi)

claim that we are members of a seperate, inferior race (through social darwinism/eugenics)

weaker species die out and are replaced by, or make room for, superior species

myth that jews killed jesus

using pseudoscience to improve the human race by breeding the ‘best’ with the ‘best’ and preventing the ‘worst’ from breeding at all (ex: ‘racial purinty’)

rallies, community warnings (ex: no jew allowed), carninvals, forced marches with antisemetic signs, violence, taught in schools and families

many synagoges, buissnesses, and homes were vandalized, set on fire and destroyed

the mobile killing squads that were tasked with shooting jews when the nazis invaded the soviet union

the nazis did not want to go to the trouble of creating ghettos to seperate jews from gentiles like they did in poland, so they decided to just kill all of them

june 1941, with the german invaision of the soviet union

eliminate all of european jewry

the nazis wanted a jew free state, but they were taking over territory that a lot of jews lived in, so they had to find a way to get rid of them

it was more efficient to gas people (cheaper, could bring the victims to the killers instead of chasing them, more impersonal, etc)

the insecticide the nazis used in the gas chambers, first tested on soviet POWs

a conference attended by highranking nazis and members of german society to disscuss and plan the final solution, based on the plans/trials that had already started (feasibility of things like gassings and the camps, etc)

after it we start to see the building of death camps ramp up (treblinka and sobibor), gassings begin to be used more and more, deportations to death camps begin (by the end of 1942: 4 mil jews had been killed)

the emergence of the myth of global conspiracy and the idea that jews are a seperate, inferior race

boycotts against jews, civil service law that fired jews from government jobs, book burnings, segregation in general

nuremberg laws, jews no longer citizens

increasing anti-jewish violence, confiscating of jewish property, forbbiding jews from business, kristallnacht

very antisemetic, did not want to accept jewish refugees and did not want the jews already in canada to be here

organized rallies and protests to warn about what was happening, public campaigns against antisemitism

antisemetic, all jews had to get special permits from the cabinet to enter canada

boat full of jews fleeing europe, went from contry to contry hoping one would let them in, no one did, had to go back to europe, many later perished in the holocaust

conference about the growing numbers of refugees and what the intnl community could do to help, canada only attended to look good

orphans in french internment camps whose parents had been deported to eastern european camps, avocacy groups pushed for canada to accept them as refugees, they said they would accept max 1000, didnt end up happening, many of the children were deported to auschwitz

without walls or barbed wire keeping them in

with walls or barbed wire keeping them in, sometimes children would slip through the wall to smuggle stuff

tightly sealed off and existed for between two and six weeks before the Germans deported or shot the Jewish population concentrated in them.

responsible for managing the ghettos and deportations, some members obeyed nazi orders and others resisted

Ghetto residents were shot or deported to death camps (small minority of Jews deported to labor camps)

the roma/sinti, homosexuals, jehovah’s witnesses, africans, political prisoners, poles, POWs, disabled people

because they we’re seen as impure because they mingled with other races, they were often kept seperate from other prisoners

seen as ‘racial dangers’ and socially aberant

they opposed the nazi worldview and acted as resisters

nazis thought they were racially inferior

transport of jewish children out of nazi-occupied europe into great-britain

groups of jewish people who got away from the nazi’s, hid in forests, and did anti-nazi actions (guerilla warfare and saving/hiding jews from the camps)

network of people hiding, feeding, clothing, and fostering jewish children, also did strickes against nazi deportations

700 jewish men and boys got arms from the underground polish resistance and started to fight to take back the ghetto (7000 died, and deportations only stopped for a month)

women smuggled gunpower in from kanada and blew up 4 creamatoria chambers and ovens (they were later hung)

plot to blow hitler up, take over the government, arrest all the ss and end the war (conspirators later killed)

France, GB, US, and the soviet union

it set the basis for later international trials of genocide/crimes against humanity (ex: rwandan genocide) and showed the world what had actually happened in occupied europe during the holocaust

1. planning to commit agressive war

2. waging agressive warfare/crimes agaisnt the peace

3. war crimes

4. crimes agaisnt humanity

first time crimes agaisnt humanity had been prosecuted for, framework for the current international justice system

22, sentenced to hang or time in prison (only 3 aquitted)

no guilty

1. they were just following orders from higher ups

2. the court didnt have proper jurisdiction/the charges has beencreated post-war, so they weren’t doing anything wrong at the time

a nobody, someone who didnt think and just followed orders, mediorcre

greatest evils committed by nobodies (beuraucrats, pencil pushers, etc) who can’t/won’t think for themselves

though she was defending the nazis and that she blamed the victims