Chemistry - Salt, molecules, acids, and bases

Ionic (contains metal and nonmetal or a polyatomic ion)

Covalent (contains only nonmetals and no polyatomic ions)

begins with “H”

Ends with “OH”

hydro prefix, ends with ic

no hydro prefix, ate becomes ic, ite becomes ous

a homogeneous mixture made up of a solute and solvent.

substance being dissolved

substance dissolving

solutions in which water is the solvent

the ability of a solution to conduct electricity

conduct current very efficiently

conduct only a small current

no current flows

the maximum concentration of a solute that can be achieved in a particular solvent under given conditions

Solvent holds as much solute as is possible at that temperature. Dissolved solute is in dynamic equilibrium with solid solute particles (some may dissolve and some may precipitate out at the same time)

Less than the maximum amount of solute for that temperature is dissolved in the solvent

Solvent holds more solute than is normally possible at that temperature. These solutions are unstable; crystallization can usually be stimulated by adding a “seed crystal” or scratching the side of the flask

contain large amounts of solutes dissolved in the solvent

contain small amounts of solute dissolved in solvent

whose concentration is accurately known.

Solutions in concentrated forms (used for dilutions of different concentrations)

The process of adding water to stock solutions to attain desired concentration (Less concentrated solution)

A double displacement reaction in which a solid forms and separates from the solution.

the solid that forms.

solid dissolves in solution;  (aq) is used in the reaction.

solid does not dissolve in solution; (s) is used in reaction

shows the compounds that are reacting

don’t participate in the reaction (stays the same before and after reaction)

Represents as ions all reactants and products that are strong electrolytes

Includes only those solution components undergoing a change. Show only components that actually react . Spectator ions are not included (ions that do not participate directly in the reaction).

An acid-base reaction

Reactions in which one or more electrons are transferred

Provide a way to keep track of electrons in oxidation-reduction reactions (especially those with covalent substances)

increase in oxidation state (loss of electrons); reducing agent

decrease in oxidation state (gain of electrons); oxidizing agent

moles/liters

m1v1=m2v2

the point in a neutralization reaction where the number of moles of hydrogen ions is equal to the number of moles of hydroxide ions

an experiment where a volume of a solution of known concentration is added to a volume of another solution in order to determine its concentration

a substance that has a distinctly different color when in an acidic or basic solution

the solution in a titration whose concentration is known.

the point at which the indicator changes color

a compound, which ionizes to yield hydrogen ions (H+) in aqueous solution

an acid that contains only one ionizable hydrogen

an acid that contains multiple ionizable hydrogens

a compound, which ionizes to yield hydroxide ions (OH−) in aqueous solution