DRRR

A large Pacific Ocean region where many of Earth's volcanic eruptions and earthquakes occur.

It can be a dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity or condition or a threat of an event that will likely have a negative impact such as loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage.

It is the negative impact following an actual occurrence of natural hazard in the event that it significantly harms a community. Can cause serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human, material, economic, or environmental losses and impacts which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources.

It arises from natural processes in the environment. e.g. earthquakes, tsunami, landslides, volcanic eruptions and floods.

It arises through the interaction of natural processes and human activities. e.g. pollution or desertification, smog and fog.

These arise directly as a result of human activities. e.g. accidental release of chemicals, toxic and pesticides to floral and fauna.

It is a natural phenomenon is caused by natural forces, such as earthquakes, typhoon, volcanic eruptions, hurricanes, fires, tornados, and extreme temperatures. They can be classified as rapid onset disasters and those with progressive onset, such as droughts that lead to famine. These events, usually sudden, can have tremendous effects.

Disasters caused by man are those in which major direct causes are identifiable intentional or non- Intentional human actions.

Unregulated Industrialization and inadequate safety standards increase the risk for industrial disasters.

This is the threat due to the spread of technologies involving nuclear, biological, and chemical agents used to develop weapons of mass destruction.

The term complex emergency is usually used to describe the humanitarian emergency resulting from an international or civil war. In such situations, large numbers of people are displaced from their homes due to the lack of personal safety and the disruption of basic infrastructure including food distribution, water, electricity, and sanitation, or communities are left stranded and isolated in their own homes unable to access assistance. EXAMPLE: conflicts or wars and Genocide the deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation.

When countries are destroyed by earthquakes or other powerful forces of nature, many people need to abandon their homes and seek shelter in other regions. A large entry of refugees can disrupt the accessibility of health care and education, as well as food supplies and clean water.

Aside from the obvious immediate danger that natural disasters present, the secondary effect can be just as damaging. Severe flooding can result in stagnant water that allows breeding of waterborne bacteria and malaria- carrying mosquitoes. Without emergency relief from International aid

The aftermath of natural disasters affects food supplies. Thousands of people around the world are hungry because of destroyed crops and loss of agricultural supplies, whether it happens suddenly in a storm or gradually in a drought. As a result, food prices rise reducing families' purchasing power and increasing the risk of severe malnutrition or worse. The impacts of hunger following an earthquake, typhoon or hurricane can be tremendous, causing lifelong damage to children's development.

Natural disasters can be particularly traumatic for young children. Confronted with scenes of destruction and the deaths of friends and loved ones, many children develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a serious psychological condition resulting from extreme trauma. Left untreated, children suffering from PTSD can be prone to lasting psychological damage and emotional distress.

It is the exposure or the chance of loss due to a particular hazard for a given area and reference period.

Persons, buildings, property, crops, utilities, critical facilities, infrastructure, environment or societal components with a potential of being exposed to a hazard event and likely to be adversely affected by the hazard event.

This can be determined by the presence of four variables: hazards (natural); vulnerability to a hazard; and coping capacity linked to the reduction, mitigation and resilience to the vulnerability of a community associated with the hazard in question.

Calamities are phenomena that cause great physical damage in a community Infrastructure, its people and their properties, e.g. houses and environmental sources of living.

The following are its effects: Injuries Physical disabilities or illness Sanitation Damage in infrastructure

Victims of disasters may suffer from Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and other serious mental health conditions, which are not being given much attention to by the authorities or even by the victims, themselves. Disasters are mostly unpredictable, which leave the victims in a state of shock. They tend to deny the loss and try to escape from reality. The following are its effects:

-distress -hopelessness -Intrusion -avoidance -emotional effects -Hatred -revenge -cognitivee effects -dependence

-insecurities physical Effects Interpersonal effect

-Grief/withdrawn/isolation guilt feeling -helplessness.

Filipinos are generally known as "matiisin", resourceful, helpful, optimistic, and prayerful. These characteristics are manifested in the country's recent fight against COVID19. The culture of "malalampasan din natin 'to.." belief and "bahala na and Diyos" syndrome give hope to most Filipino in the midst of a disaster. Such perspective helps a lot especially those who belong to the marginalized sector to be hopeful and continue fighting against any challenge at hand. It also helps most people survive a lot of oddities in life

The following are its effects: A change in individual roles disruption of social relationships and personal connections.

Disasters affect the economic condition of a community because they reduce local and international trade. It can also partially or totally paralyze a country's transportation system, just like what happened in the COVID19 pandemic. Implementation of a partial and total shut down of local business operations result to a lot of people losing means of living. The following are its effects:

-loss of life unemployment -loss of property -loss of household articles -Loss of crops -loss of public infrastructure

The disturbing effects caused by a prevalent kind of disease or virus in an epidemic or pandemic level is known as biological disaster. The following are its effects: -loss of lives -public demobilization -negative economic effect -unemployment -hunger.

Biological disaster affects large numbers of people within a given community or area. Ex: Dengue.

Biological disaster affects a much large region, sometime spanning entire continents or the globe

ex. Swine Flue, COVID 19.

Physical injuries (bone fracture, wounds, bruises) - Destruction and loss of vital infrastructure like transportation system, roads, bridges, power lines and communication lines. -Wide spread destruction of housing and buildings Physical factors would pertain to tangible objects or infrastructure, like the availability of fire exits, or the sturdiness of the building, or the presence or absence of objects that can harm you or help you.

-Grief and psychological illness - Depression due to loss of loved ones and properties -Marital conflict - Chronic anxiety Psychological factors include state of mental capacity and health (e.g. are we dealing with babies? Kids? Adults? People with special needs?), perception of self (e.g. self-assessment of capability to respond to disasters, fear), etc.

-Loss of job due to displacement -Loss of harvest and livestock - Loss of farms, fish cages and other source of food -Loss of money and other valuables Its factors include assets and liabilities, income, economic class.

-Loss of forest due to forest fires -Loss of fresh water due to salination

-Disturbance of biodiversity

-Loss of natural rivers

Epidemic to people, flora and fauna Chronic and permanent illness caused by biological agents.

-Proliferation of different viral diseases.

It is the process of determining all physical and nonphysical agents in the workplace or specific environment.

It is a way to determine which hazards and risks should prioritized by taking into consideration the probability and severity of impact

The following are its methods to follow: a. Observation - use your senses of sight, hearing, smell and touch - combined with knowledge and experience. b. Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) - obtain them from manufacturers and suppliers. It gives information on possible harm from hazardous substances and precautions that need to be taken. c. Hazard and risk surveys - interview other people about their safety concerns as far as the workplace is concerned. Utmost consideration should be given to children or visitors who could be at risk. d. Discussion groups are useful for identifying hazards and recommending solutions. e. Safety audits a committee must be assigned to periodically check safety in the area.

This is done once a hazard has been identified, the likelihood and possible severity of injury or harm will need to be assessed before determining how best to minimize the risk. High-risk hazards need to be addressed more urgently than low-risk ones.

This is done once risks are assessed, the next step is to make decision for some necessary changes. These changes include removing the hazard and replacing it with something less hazardous, engineering modifications like installation of exhausts, safety barriers and safety exits, modification of procedures, etc.

This is done to make sure risk has been minimized, and a further hazard has not been created, the new safety measures may need to be carefully tested before work begins again. Risk assessment doesn't end with making changes. It is essential that these changes made are monitored and checked