ap psych cognition

the persistence of learning over time through storage and retrieval of information.

the processing of information into the memory system.

the retention of encoded information over time.

the process of getting formation out of memory.

the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously.

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.

activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as seven digits of a phone number while dialing.

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system that includes knowledge, skills, and experience.

a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information.

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare."; brought up in effortful processing

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort; pulling declarative memory from long term.

unconscious encoding of the incidental information from long term memory, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information.

retention independent of conscious recollection; brought up in automatic processing

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture image memory lasting no more that a few tenths of a second.

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled for about 3 or 4 seconds.

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.

craming info

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply reading, information. Also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning.

encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words.

encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention.

a neural center that is located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage.

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.

an increase in a synapses' firing efficiency after repeated stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.

a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.

a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple choice test.

a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when leaning material for a second time.

the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception; the reason why retrieval cues work

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood.

being able to retrieve memories you had in one state by being in that same state again

our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.

remembering last items in a list in the short term

remembering first items in a list in the long term

an inability to form new memories.

an inability to retrieve information from one's past.

the disruptive effect of old information on new information.

the disruptive effect of new information on old information.

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness.

incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event.

attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined.

the eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.

a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories.

like a prototype experience

a rare, almost unattainable prototype comes from this

the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas.

narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution.

expands the number of possible problem solutions (creative thinking that diverges in different directions).

type of informal reasoning; already having the gist of a situation before having all of the details

type of formal reasoning; gathering as many bits of data as possible before coming up with a solution

a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.

a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently.

a sudden and novel realization of the solution to a problem.

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and ignore or distort contrary evidence.

a powerful or emotional thought weighs down the rest of the mind (ie. moms don’t like tiktok)

feeling that abandoning a task will have greater consequences than not because you have already put so much time into it

a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.

a typical way of thinking about how things will interact

an effortless, immediate autonomic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning.

judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes.

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory.

the tendency to be more confident than correct--to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.

clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.

the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.

our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.

in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.

in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or part of a word.

in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others.

beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language.

the stage in speech development, from about, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words.

beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements.

early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram using mostly nouns and verbs.

impairment of language, usually caused by left-hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding).

controls language expression—an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.

controls language reception—a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe.

Whorf's hypothesis that language predetermines the way we think

affected by limbic system, hippocampus, and amygdala

ability for the brain to process new information; gets worse as we get older

ability for the brain to apply already learned info to new situations; gets better as we age

members of a community thought to be less than will perform as less than members of a different group

eugenicist; was the first one to quantify intelligence

came up with a test to classify mental abilities; helped the french school children oui oui baguette and developed mental age

took Binet test and made it applicable to Americans, became known as the Stanford Binet test

which tests fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing, and working memory

was also a eugenicist

Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale: tests young adults based on their verbal comprehension, working memory, perceptual organization, and processing speed

Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children: tests verbal comprehension, block design, visual puzzles, digit and picture span, and processing speed

didn’t use an aged based system; realized intelligence was more than verbal skills that other tests measured

believed in multiple intelligences

kinesthetic intelligence; ability to know how your body is moving

believed in one general intelligence and used factor analysis to group intelligence into one thing

Triarchic Theory of Intelligence; intelligence exists in how a person interacts with the environment around them

practical: how well a person can function

experiental: how well a person handles a new situation

analytical: how well a person can find the answer

consistency of a test as a means of measurement

randomly dividing a test into two different sections and then correlating people’s performances on the two halves.

the correlation between performance on several equivalent forms of the test

the correlation between a person’s score on one administration of the test with the same person’s score on the next administration

the accuracy of the test

superficial measure of accuracy; type of content validity

how well a measure reflects the entire range of material it is supposed to be testing

concurrent validity: measures how much of a characteristic a person has now

predictive validity: the measure of future performance

the ability to be able to compare the performance of people on this test with their performance on any other measure