Mistakes that haunt me

Asexual reproduction only requires one parent CELL

• Less oxygen and glucose will reach the muscle cells

• So they will carry out less aerobic respiration.

• They will carry out more anaerobic respiration

• And will release less energy.

• The anaerobic respiration will also cause a build-up of lactic acid, which will lower the pH of the cells

• Causing enzymes to denature

• So the muscle cells will DIE.

• Inhibits FSH

• Stimulates LH

• Is responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics

• Thickens the uterus lining

We do not know if they tested on people of the same age/sex/mass (and some things specific to the condition - e.g. CHD and smoking or exercise) etc., so the results could be unreliable.

Connects the foetus to the placenta. It contains the umbilical artery (carrying blood containing carbon dioxide and urea out from the foetus) and the umbilical vein (carrying blood containing oxygen, glucose, amino acids, vitamins, minerals and antibodies into the foetus).

To provide glucose, for respiration, as they cannot photosynthesise to make this glucose, as they do not have any leaves.

• Water - to activate enzymes

• Oxygen - for aerobic respiration

• Warmth - to provide the optimum temperature for enzymes

• Light - to activate plant growth regulators

The placenta allows for carbon dioxide and urea to be removed from foetal blood, as it diffuses into maternal blood

• Oxygen

• Glucose

• Amino acids

• Vitamins

• Minerals

• Antibodies

AND THE RESULTS ARE SIMILAR

• There is less chance of losing count

• It is quicker to collect results

• The results of [whatever you are testing] may wear off quickly

• Compare overall - e.g. both increase/decrease

• Compare more specifically - e.g. smaller/greater increase/decrease

• Bring in data - useful to state the (approximate) multiple that the final value is of the first in one date set, then compare this multiple with the multiple for the other data set

Transfers the pathogen from organism to organism

VASOCONSTRICTON occurs: the narrowing of blood vessels. This means less blood, and therefore less oxygen, reaches that area

MINERAL IONS are not transported to the requiring parts of the plant. The plant will have less nitrates, to produce amino acids, for proteins, for growth; less phosphates, which are needed for the production of ATP and nucleotides for DNA; less magnesium for chlorophyll (and less potassium to regulate osmosis)

Orange / yellow-green

Different amino acids in a protein lead to the formation of a protein with A DIFFERENT SHAPE

There is less chance of coronary heart disease, as there is less chance of arteries being blocked by plaque, containing cholesterol.

If it is low in fat, it’s probably high in protein - this means that when it is digested, the body has more amino acids for growth and repair.

Calcium, PHOSPHATES

When HUMANS breed organisms that have desired characteristics together

LH and FSH have similar shapes, but LH is taller. Progesterone is high towards the end of the cycle, and oestrogen has the first major rise.

Abnormal sperm may not be able to swim to the egg, to fertilise it, which would reduce chances of fertilisation.

• Same age, sex, species of locusts

• Same mass (more cells = more respiration)

• Temperature

• Size of flask (space to move)

• Time

• Volume and concentration of KOH

They contain vitamin C to prevent scurvy, and fibre to aid peristalsis

A better supply of oxygen means that there is better removal of lactic acid (so a person can run for longer)

• Aorta wall contains muscle and elastic tissue

• As it carries high pressure blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE

• Aorta needs to expand to carry this blood

• Needs to transport more blood than the capillary

Plasmid and CHROMOSOME

Place the leaf in boiling water for 30 seconds, to kill and preserve it, then place in boiling ethanol, to remove the chlorophyll - use a water bath for this, as it is unsafe to heat using a Bunsen burner as ethanol is highly flammable. Rinse the leaf with water to soften and rehydrate it, pat dry, then test it using iodine solution - if the iodine changes colour from orange-brown to blue black, starch is present.

Trace around the leaf, then trace around the green part, using tracing paper. Put the tracing paper onto squared paper and count the number of squares. Do this for both sides of the leaf.

At age 25, the males’ mean maximum lung value is greater than the females, as males grow more than females. There is a greater difference from puberty, as males continue to grow between the ages of 16-25.

• Quicker and cheaper to transport semen than bulls

• Can impregnate the cows after the bull has died

• Can impregnate many cows

• Safer for cows

YES!!

• They are only able to reproduce inside living cells

• They have a protein coat

• They contain only one type of nucleic acid

• They are smaller than all living organisms

• They have no organelles (e.g. mitochondria)

• They have no cytoplasm

• They do not move

• They do not respire

• They have no sensitivity

• They do not grow

• They do not excrete

• More food

• Due to warmer weather

• Fewer predators

• Less disease

• Higher birth rate

• The birth rate was roughly equal to the death rate

• Owls have no predators

• They produce few offspring

• There is not enough food to maintain a higher population of owls

• There is less tar in e-cigarettes so there is less paralysis of cilia - this can cause chronic bronchitis

• There are fewer carcinogens

• There is less carbon monoxide in e-cigarettes

• There is less risk of heart disease

• It is easier to control nicotine levels

It can increase risk of blood clots

• If the condition shows continuous variation, it is polygenic

• If it shows discontinuous variation, it is monohybrid

• If it is monohybrid the offspring will show a simple pattern - you can see this by looking at pedigree diagrams

So that it has undergone puberty, and will be producing sperm

• Reactant of photosynthesis

• Keeps plant cells turgid

• Transports mineral ions

• Water is needed for cooling

IMPROBABLE

Transports blood containing digested food (glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids and glycerol) from the small intestine to the liver

• Diet containing too much saturated fat

• Obesity (carrying extra weight puts a strain on the heart)

• Lack of exercise

• Genetics

• Smoking

• High blood pressure (damages arteries because the force of blood against artery walls increases)

• Tar paralyses cilia

• This leads to a build-up of mucus in the trachea

• Which can lead to a bacterial infection

• Which can lead to inflammation of the airways

• WHICH CAN LEAD TO COPD OR BRONCHITIS

• Chemicals in tar also cause emphysema

• Carcinogens in smoke cause lung cancer

• No need to reapply

• Specific to the pest species

• No risk of resistance

• No bioaccumulation

• Lasts longer than pesticides

Weigh plants (using a mass balance)

Mutations in DNA lead to different alleles forming. Some of these alleles give the organisms resistance to pathogens, which means that they will survive if the pathogen infects the population.

To allow carbon dioxide to exit the flask, and oxygen to enter

Penetrates the membrane of the egg

Contains DNA - 23 chromosomes, to fuse with the nucleus of the egg to form a diploid nucleus

To increase the surface area, so that there is better transfer of heat to the water

…the population of bacteria grows, so there are more bacteria, so they carry out more decomposition, and use up more oxygen for aerobic respiration.

Protects them from predators in the sea, from predatory birds, it keeps out other fish which could cause competition and spread disease

Smoking, dust, fumes, genetics, bronchitis

Fungi are saprotrophs: they secrete enzymes that carry out extracellular digestion, from their hyphae, onto the organic material, and absorb the products of the digestion. These may include small, useful molecules such as water and carbon dioxide.

• Enhanced greenhouse effect

• Melting of ice caps

• Destruction of habitats

• Migration of species, including pests, and disease-carrying organisms

• Extinction of species, leading to disruption of food chains and webs

• Extreme weather events

SUNLIGHT

The total mass of organic material, measured in a specific area over a set time period

Not all of the glucose produced in photosynthesis is stored in the plant (as starch or sucrose) which increases biomass, or used for growth. Some is used in respiration, to release energy for metabolic processes such as active transport.

As a source of food, to release oxygen, and to absorb carbon dioxide

Use a microscope. Place the pollen grains on a microscope slide, stain them with a dye, and place a coverslip over the slide (to prevent the samples from drying out).

This allows stem cells to become specialised cells, so that they can form tissues and organs (e.g. the heart)

They show negative phototropism - they grow away from the light

RBCs are smaller

Size - smaller particles will diffuse faster

Diffusion can take place in non-living systems

Fruits are more prone to saprotrophic decay

They prevent infection by specific pathogens and provide immunity.

• Insulation or protection around organs

• Used in respiration as a source of energy

• Used as a store of energy

• Meiosis

• Mutations in DNA

• Environmental factors

• Random mating

• Random fertilisation

Draw the pattern of chlorophyll (the green parts of the leaf)

• More transpiration, so more water loss

• Which leads to wilting, and the stomata close to prevent further loss

• Which means that there is less uptake of carbon dioxide in the plant

• So less photosynthesis

• The enzymes are denatured which also means less photosynthesis

• Obesity

• Blockage of arteries (as there is a build-up of plaque in the walls of arteries)

• Leading to coronary heart disease

• High blood pressure

• Diabetes

• Joint damage

• Gall stones

Heat loss by radiation

Photosynthesis converts light energy into chemical energy, in the form of glucose

• Genes on the Y chromosome are different to on the X

• Difference in diet

• Different metabolic rates

• Hormones

• Look at family history

• Was the patient born with the condition

• Carry out a DNA test

Some of the light is reflected, and some light falls on flowers

• Exhaled air is a mixture of inhaled air and alveolar air

• No gas exchange occurs in trachea

• As it only occurs at the alveoli

The control of the water and salt balance in the body

A membrane that allows water to pass through, but does not allow charged particles to pass through

A measure of the variation shown by organisms in an ecosystem, based on the number and abundance of different species,

Not all embryos implant in the uterus of the surrogate mother, not all eggs survive

It reduces contamination, and steam leaves no residue, only water

They can differentiate into any type of specialised cell, then can divide by mitosis to form tissues

Proteins normally do not pass through the basement membrane into the Bowman’s capsule, as they are too large. High blood pressure will force the protein molecules out, which results in damage to the glomerulus.

The temperature recorder detects changes in the temperature of the solution in the fermenter, and controls the water in the cooling jacket to maintain the optimum temperature for enzymes. If the temperature is too low, there is no water in the cooling jacket; if it is too high, cold water is released into the cooling jacket, to lower the temperature to prevent enzymes from denaturing.

Forming skin and connective tissues

Obesity and diabetes