General Biology 2 Exam 4

Bacteria and archaea

Prokaryotes are single celled, they may stick together to form associations and biofilms, generally much smaller than eukaryotes, chromosome is single circular double stranded DNA, exchange genetic material extensively

The oldest, structurally simplest, and most abundant forms of life

Different lipids in plasma membranes, different molecules for support in cell walls, archaea are more similar to eukaryotes in DNA replication and gene expression

Can be autotroph or heterotroph

Organisms that can survive in extreme environments such as extreme temperature, pressure, and salinity

Abundant, diverse habitats, base of some food webs

Morning glory pool (hot spring) and the Dead Sea (hypersaline)

The microorganism must be present in every case of the disease and absent from healthy individuals, the putative causative agent must be isolated and grown in pure culture, the same disease must result when the cultured microorganism is used to infect a healthy host, the same microorganism must be isolated again from the diseased host

Ability to cause disease, heritable variable trait

What leads to an increase in virulence

Example of a species with both virulent and harmless strains of bacteria

Community of microbes that naturally inhabit body or parts of the body

Living organisms (ex. bacteria) are used to decontaminate affected areas

Some species of bacteria are able to solubilize and degrade oil from spills on beaches

Cannot be classified as plants, animals or fungi

They provide food for a large proportion of aquatic species

Most are free-living, some are parasitic, asexual reproduction is common, sexual reproduction may occur when conditions deteriorate

Produce oxygen, producers in freshwater and saltwater ecosystems, major component of plankton, many are symbionts

Coral reefs and photosynthetic protists in tissues of corals (animals) or termites and parabasalids

One of the world’s worst chronic infectious diseases caused by five species of parasitic protist

Eukaryotes that grow as single-cell or large, branching networks of multicellular filaments, absorb nutrients from dead organisms, and are the world’s most important decomposers

Fungi and animals share

Heterotrophic, cells release digestive enzymes and then absorb resultant nutrient molecules, most are saprobes, some are parasitic, several in mutualistic relationships with other organisms

Antibiotics were discovered, fungi live in close association with plant roots and provide nutrients for the plant, and the carbon cycle was accelerated

Fungi that digest dead plant material, help cycle carbons through terrestrial systems

Fixation on carbon by land plants, and release carbon dioxide from cellular respiration

Consists of all individuals of the same species living within a specific area, can fluctuate based on changes in the environment, natural disasters, and competition between species

A geographic range which has been influenced by biotic and abiotic factors

Individuals are equally spread apart

Territorial birds (penguins)

Individuals are spaced at unpredictable distances from each other

Plants with wind dispersed seeds (dandelions)

Occurs when individuals form social groups or resources are in small areas

Elephants traveling together

Types of sampling methods

Quadrants and line transects

Mark and recapture

percent marked is equal to average percent marked “recaptured”, individuals don’t move in or out of study area, individuals mix between captures, no capture bias, individuals do not learn to avoid capture, individuals do not change behavior because of being captured

Depends on births, deaths, immigration, and emigration

Due to births and immigration

Due to deaths and emigration

Occurs when individuals enter a population by moving from another population

Occurs when individuals leave a population to join another population

Show the distribution of individuals in a population according to age

Every individual has a restricted amount of time and energy at its disposal, its resources are limited

Tend to grow quickly, reach sexual maturity at a young age, and produce many small eggs or seeds

Tend to grow slowly, invest their energy and time in traits that reduce damage from enemies, and increase their own ability to compete for resources

Types of population growth

Not dependent on population size (density independent) rare in real world, colonization of a new habitat, recovery after disaster

Dependent on population size

The number of people or other living organisms that the environment can support with limited resources

Density dependent and independent

Limiting resources (food, space, etc)

reindeer population decreased due to over foraging of food supplies

Usually exhibits predator-prey dynamics and how they change over time

Patches of habitat are linked by immigration/emigration sources and sinks, useful model for conservation biology

Response to a stimulus

What, how and when to eat

Balancing of costs and benefits

Monogamy, polygamy, promiscuity

One female mates with one male, forming a pair bond (common in birds)

One male mates with two or more females, often occurs in situations where a male defends a territory of resources

Males and females each have two or more sexual partners; some females choose multiple mates while others are coerced

Piloting, compass orientation, and true navigation

The use of familiar landmarks

Movement oriented in a specific direction

The ability to locate a specific place on Earth’s surface

Sea turtles using magnetic map orientation

The long-distance movement of a population associated with a change in seasons

The type of signal used by an organism correlates with its habitat

Singing, threatening gestures, language, bees’ waggle dance

Behavior that has a fitness cost to the individual exhibiting it and a fitness benefit to the recipient

Altruistic behavior is most likely met when the fitness benefits of altruistic behavior are high for the recipient, the altruist and recipient are close relatives, and the fitness costs to the altruist are low

The mean numbers of genes shared between two individuals

Derived from an individuals own offspring

Derived from helping relatives produce more offspring than they could produce on their own

The study of how organisms interact with each other and their environment

Organismal, population, community, ecosystem, global

The effort to study preserve and restore threatened populations, communities and ecosystems

Living factors related to organisms that limits distribution

Non-living factors that that limit distribution

Show the range of conditions tolerated by a species

Climate is the long term weather conditions found in the area

Influences amount of biomass generated

Lakes, streams, rivers, ocean

The proportion of solutes dissolved in water

The ocean is divided into different zones depending on

Coastal runoff, ocean upwelling, lake turnover

Association between organisms where one benefits and the other is not benefited or harmed

Members of different species use the same limiting resources

Occurs between the same species

Lowers fitness of both individuals involved

The degree to which species share the factors regulating population growth

Theoretical range vs. proportion actually occupied

An agent of natural selection

A repeating cycle of reciprocal adaptation

Defensive trait in response to the presence of a consumer

A harmless species mimics the coloration of a harmful species

Camouflage, aposematic coloration