IB PSYCHOLOGY (COGNITIVE)

the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge through thoughts, experiences and senses.

the study of the mind as a brain processor

they build models of information processing that goes on in peoples minds,including perception,attention,memory and consciousness.

encoding,retrieval and storing

registration of information

the process of recall/recollection

a permanent record of encoded information

Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)

-sensory register
-short term memory
-long term memory

so it goes from sensory register to short term memory by attention and sensory register includes decay.

it goes from short term to long term memory by rehearsal and involves retrieval and short term memory involves decay and displacement

it goes from long term memory to short term memory by retrieval and long term memory involves:
-interference
-retrieval failure
-decay

less than half a second

very high

iconic memory-visual info
-ecnoic memory -sound is coded acoustically

around 30 seconds

on average 7+/-2

coded acoustically

its unlimited(lasts for a long time)

unlimited

it is coded semantically

when information comes into our memory system(from sensory input) it needs to be changed into a system the brain can cope with.

-visual
-acoustically(sound)
-semantic(meaning)

-historical importance-it gave psychologists a way to begin to research memory and the research followed was based off that model

-testable-the model is testable as different parts of the msm are defined.

-application-the model can be used in the classroom to teach students revision techniques.

-low construct validility-there is evidence that stm and ltm have different stores.(it does not explain why things we learned with minimal rehearsal whilst items we rehearse a lot are not always rembered.

-low predictive validilty-it only predicts how typical memory is processed it does not take into account more complex memory(i.e emotional memories)

the tendency of a person to recall the first and last items in a series best, and the middle items worst

-it is compromised of the primary effect and the recency effect.

where they exaggerate the differences between males and females

minimised sex differences where they assume the findings from males apply to females.

the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information

people with the same characteristics

1.procedural
2.semantic
3.episodic

type of memory that stores how to do things

type of memory that stores information about the world.

type of memory that is for special events. i.e first day of school

T=testable
E=empirical support
A=application
C=construct validility
U=unbiased
P=predicts behaviour

........

-it is about the structure of the short term memory
- The model refers to the part of the memory that you use when working on a complex task which requires you to store and remember information as you go
-it involves sensory register

-badelly and hitch(1974)

-its in charge of working out what the task is and which store is needed.
-its an attentional process-it monitors incoming data makes decisions and allocates the systems to tasks.

it has limited processing capacity meaning it cannot attend to many things at once.

-phonological store and articulatory process

-deals with auditory information

inner ear

inner voice

-it has limited capacity
-it has limited processing
-limited storage

"inner eye"

-holds visual and spatial information

-visual-what things look like
-spatial=the relationship between objects

-visuo and/or spatial information is temporarily stored here.

-it has limited capacity
-it has limited processing

it acts as temporary and general store for both acoustic and visual information.
-it also provides a bridge between working memory model and long term memory.

it has limited capacity

-high construct vadility:
it has higher construct vadility than the MSM as it explores short term memory in detail and explains why we are able to do more than one short term memory task at once

-Application:
it was used in alloway(2006)
ADHD can relate to impairments with the WMM.We can develop methods to help focus on the task at hand i.e break instructions into individual steps

Testability:
-whilst some components of the model are easy to test others are not.i.e the episodic buffer we only know little about the workings.

-it only takes into account short term memory and not other memory structures like long term memory and sensory memory.