Unit 3 statistics

Percentage Eysenck claimed the three traits were biologically based via inherited nervous systems. The other factor is socialisation, as Eysenck believed humans were inherently hedonistic and enjoyed violence, and socialisation would form a conscience to prevent these acts. Criminal personality.

Amount of fraud cases compared to homicides in 2023, showing that white collar and ‘smaller‘ crimes make up most of crime. Criminal.

Percentage of the prison population which is male in 2023. Gender.

The gender pay gap in 2023, showing that although the strictness of gender roles has shifted, differences are still highly present. Gender.

Billions of pounds cost by violent crime and reoffending respectively. AM + RJ.

The correlation difference found by Zuckerman for MZ and DZ twins, for neuroticism and extraversion. Also, the percentage heritability this allowed him to calculate. Personality.

Percentage concordance rates identified for delinquent behaviour by Raine, for MZ and DZ twins respectively. Not 100%, suggesting other factors are involved. Criminal genes.

Percentage of men with MAOA were abused, and the percentage of violent convictions they accounted for. Identified by Caspi et al. Criminal genes.

The percentage of ethnic minorities in the prison population compared to the general population. Indicates bias. Criminal genes.

Percentage of the population with brain injuries in the US population and in prisons respectively, identified by Harmon. Amygdala.

Amount that the average disciplinary offenses fell by, and the difference between the intervention and the placebo group in Gesch et al’s study. Amygdala.

Increase in the amount of self harm in prisons, male and female respectively, from 2022-2023. AM and RJ.

Amount of prisoners who have been assaulted in 2023, which increased from the year before. AM and RJ.

Percentage of sons without criminal fathers who had criminal records compared to sons with criminal fathers. Identified by Osborn and West. DA.

The percentage of reduced amygdala volume for those with high aggression scores, as found in Mattheis et al’s study. Amygdala.

From Comings et al., the percentage of smokers, gamblers and the control population with the A1 variant of the D2D2 gene, which has been found to cause less receptos and compensation via drugs. Addictive genes.

The percentage Kendler and Prescott believe addiction variance is genetic. Found via their interviews with twins, with MZ having a higher concordance than DZ. Addictive genes.

The level of irrational verbalisations shown by gamblers and non-regular gamblers respectively, as shown by Griffiths. These verbalisations supported the existence of heuristics and cognitive biases. Cognitive biases.

The percentage of alcohol usage seen in movies and TV programmes respectively, as shown by Lyons et al. Media.

Amount of billions the government is predicted to earn from tobacco and alcohol taxes respectively, according to the Office for Budget Security. Aversion.

Amount of people who died from drug poisoning while taking methadone in 2022. A+A usage.

Millions of pounds that the NHS spent on methadone in 2022, and the billions that drug abuse is estimated to cost the UK. A+A usage.

Rates of concordance for schizophrenia between MZ and DZ twins respectively. Found by Joseph. SCZ genes.

Cost in thousands of a single psychiatric stay in the UK, compared to the cost in millions of antipsychotics in 2022. APs + CBT.

The percentage of SCZ patients hospitalised at follow ups, found by Ajnakina et al. APs and CBT.

The amount of those with SCZ with poor adherence to antipsychotics generally, and the amount with poor adherence to clozapine, found by Valenstein et al. APs.

Billions that the no quick fix report by the Centre for Social Justice estimated that alcoholism costs a year. Aversion.

Amount, in millions, antabuse cost in the NHS in 2023. Antabuse.

Percentage of CBT+TAU group who improved, alongside 1 worsened individual, and amount of TAU group who improved, alongside 3 worsened individuals and 1 suicide. Found by Kuipers et al. CBT.