Anthro 243 Exam 3

Microorganisms that use a hosts resources to reproduce, resulting in an immune response or physiological disruption

pathogen

viruses, bacteria, protozoa, fungi, helminths, prions

~25% of deaths

neonatal

an increase in incidence of infection in a population at a specific time

an infectious disease caused by pathogens that spread between animals (usually vertebrates) and humans

the severity of a disease brought on by a pathogen

Pathogen must always be found in persons with disease Pathogen must be isolated and grown in pure culture The culture should cause the disease when introduced into a healthy individual Pathogen can be isolated from second individual and grown in culture

DNA or RNA surrounded by protein, obligate parasites, mimic host cell proteins in order to bind with receptors or

pathogens reproduce more quickly than hosts and thus evolve fast

single celled prokaryotic organisms, reproduce by duplicating their DNA and dividing

specific microscopic organisms are the cause of specific diseases

single celled eukaryotic organisms, able to evade hosts immune defenses

Growth and reproductive stages in different organs, intermediate species, insect vectors, intracellular

any agent which carries and transmits an infectious pathogen into another living organism

eukaryotic organisms, 70,000 species (only few are harmful to humans)

multicellular organisms 3 cause disease in humans, infect 50% of the current population

Infectious proteins, no RNA or DNA, transmissible through exposure to brain tissue and spinal cord fluid

direct transmission, droplet transmission

intermediate species or material that can take a pathogen from one host to another

intermediary disease vectors, transmission does not require host to be mobile

casual human-to-human transmission, transmission requires host to be mobile

skin, mucous membranes

recognize pathogens (which cells require an immunological response and which do not), destroy pathogen, communicate between cells of immune system to coordinate 1 and 2

vertebrates only, responds slowly, high specificity of pathogen recognition

older, most multicellular organisms, responds quickly, broad pathogen recognition, destroys pathogens

white blood cells, which are key cells of the immune system; includes t-cells and b-cells

a set of genes that produce highly variable proteins involved in moving pieces of pathogenic proteins out to the surface of the cell where they can be recognized by T-cells. Also referred to as the human leukocyte antigens.

bits of proteins on cell surfaces that are identified by the host's immune system and possibly marked for distribution by immune cells

any large molecule or cell that contains epitopes on its surface

antigen-receptor proteins on the surface of B-cells. there are five classes of antibodies, each with a different function: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM

a combination of two drugs that are made in bone marrow and that produce antibodies

cells of the immune system that are made in the thymus gland

immune system reaction to foreign substances in the environment that are harmless to most people

chronic disease of the branches of the windpipe (bronchial tubes)

the lining of the bronchial tubes swells, causing narrow and reducing the flow of air into and out of the lungs

improvements to hygiene results in fewer childhood diseases, altering the development on the immune system

reduced exposure to helminths may result in underdeveloped or overactive immune systems

the administration of antigenic material to stimulate an individual's immune system to develop adaptive immunity to a pathogen

uses pre-formed antibodies from other individuals

provokes the immune system to generate memory cells which provide long-term protection against pathogens

plasma cells secrete large amounts of antibodies and tag the vaccine material for destruction by other cells of the immune system

antibodies tag the pathogen for destruction by other cells of the immune system

based on a comparison of poor people with others in society

based on subsistence, minimum standard needed to live

every step downward in SES correlates with poorer health

a composite measure that includes income, occupation, education, and housing conditions

significant differences in risk of many diseases and mortality

Physiological and endocrinological reactions that allow organisms to adaptively respond to stressors

immediate stress response mobilizes energy resources to muscle cells, increases heart rate, bp, respirations and mental activity

activation of the sympathetic nervous system provides a mechanisms for immediate action

chronic release of epinephrine raises blood pressure, leads to heart attacks

more likely to be activated when individuals feel as if they have limited control over stressors, have no predictive information about the duration and intensity of the stressor, have few outlets for frustration, interpret the stressor as evidence of circumstances worsening

the ways in which "normal" function is maintained under different circumstances

a steroid hormone made from cholesterol that is secreted by the cortex of the adrenal gland, regulates the stress response

the consequences of prolonged activation of the stress response, which usually are negative health outcomes

the stress response is adaptive in an emergency

the tendency of the body to maintain a constant internal environment in response to environmental changes

the physiological process that allows organisms to adapt to stressors

the interaction between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal glands; results in the production of cortisol.

race is not biology, but race BECOMES biology

the use of scientific evidence or techniques to support or justify the belief in racial inferiority or superiority