Cardiovascular Review

carry blood away from the heart (systolic and diastolic pressure)

carry blood towards the heart (diastolic pressure only)

a very small vein collecting blood from the capillaries

very thin to allow for diffusion of materials into and out of blood

interweaving network of capillaries that supplies tissue with blood (microcirculation); is fed blood by the terminal arteriole and blood is collected by the postcapillary venule

smallest arteries; directly connected to capillaries

contraction period of the heart (atrial and ventricular); Atria is squeezing blood to ventricles; ventricle is squeezing blood to aorta

relaxation period (atrial and ventricular)

innermost layer, directly in contact with flowing blood; consists of endothelial cells (continuous with endocardium)

mid layer, made of smooth muscle and elastin, controls vessel diameter and thus blood pressure

outermost layer, made of connective tissue (collagen) but innervated and connected to lymph vessels

the lungs fill up and pump blood from the vessels into the heart; Every time you take a deep breath, the lungs are pressing on the muscles to help move blood

the muscles squeeze, squeezing the veins next to it increasing blood pressure; helps the veins’ blood go back to the heart

arterial ones function to inform the autonomic nervous system of beat-to-beat changes in blood pressure within the arterial system; a receptor sensitive to changes in pressure

a sensory cell or organ responsive to chemical stimuli

the average arterial pressure throughout one cardiac cycle, systole, and diastole. MAP is influenced by cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance, each of which is influenced by several variables

the blood flow at the capillary level in tissue

the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure

The aorta sends out blood from the heart to the rest of the body

When the body is cold, the sphincters will flex to keep blood warmer and prevent it from cooling down by going through capillaries

Valves in the veins, skeletal muscle pumps which put pressure on the veins when the muscles pump which gives it pressure to help blood keep moving, and the respiratory pump which does the same as the skeletal pumps.

blood viscosity, vessel length and vessel diameter; your blood could become thinner, the longer the vessel, the greater the resistance and the lower the flow, children’s blood vessels increase in length as they grow, diameter of any given vessel may also change frequently throughout the day in response to neural and chemical signals that trigger vasodilation and vasoconstriction

Blood pressure goes down since its getting farther from the aorta which has a high amount of blood. The farther it goes, the less blood will be in one area which decreases the pressure overall. When your heart contracts and aortic valve slams shut, it sends a pressure wave but it weakens as you go farther from it, dissipating the force

sympathetic nervous system and/or chemical stimulation flexes the muscle in the tunica media causing vessels to constrict to retain heat or increase bp (vasoconstriction) or decrease bp and allow heat loss (vasodilation)

As blood pH drops, the parts of the brain that regulate breathing are stimulated to produce faster and deeper breathing. Breathing faster and deeper increases the amount of carbon dioxide exhaled, which raises the blood pH back toward normal

Drinking more water would increase the blood pressure because the more water in the system, the more pressure there is in the blood

It allows for the cells to be able to take all the nutrients from the blood and gives time for diffusion.

The hormones can increase or decrease water retention which affects pressure. They can also increase blood flow and heart rate as well as dilating or constricting blood vessels.

Reduced blood flow to tissue (ischemia) or reduced oxygen to tissue (hypoxia). It’s necessary because if the tissue continues to undergo ischemia and hypoxia, it will eventually die if angiogenesis doesn’t occur.

Baroreceptors sense change in pressure of the blood and send signals to the brain to either dilate or constrict the vessels

medulla oblongata is essential for signal transmission between the spinal cord and upper brain regions and for managing autonomic functions including heart rate and breathing

if you don't breathe, the lungs stay inflated and blood doesn't go back to the heart ;If you breathe out hard, it releases the CO2 that was created by the body due to the O2 being used to supply the muscles with it and give them energy to continue lifting. This prevents a build up of CO2 in the blood.

bulge in a blood vessel caused by a weakness in the blood vessel wall, usually where it branches; High blood pressure can place increased pressure on the walls of the blood vessels and weaken them over time, atherosclerosis results in the weakening of vessels

As the blood gets farther from the heart, the bp decreases. Two lines because systolic in arteries is really strong and separates from diastolic but it weakens in the veins. When your heart contracts and aortic valve slams shut, it sends a pressure wave but it weakens as you go farther from it, dissipating the force

respiratory pump, skeletal muscle pump, and valves

the amount of blood pumped out by the ventricles in a minute

amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle during each contraction

preload, afterload, contractility

the degree to which cardiac muscle cells are stretched before they contract; this is determined by venous return; the force that stretches the cardiac muscle prior to contraction

the amount of blood extending the ventricles prior to contraction

the contractile strength of a muscle at a certain length; increased contractility results in lower ESV

the arterial pressure that must be overcome for the ventricles to eject blood; pressure required by the heart ventricles to "open the door" of the aortic and pulmonary valves due to blood pressure; the amount of pressure that the heart needs to exert to eject the blood during ventricular contraction