Studied by 1 personWhat is a nucleon?
A particle in the Nucleus
What is the magnitude of the charge of a proton or electron?
1.60 ×10^-19 (+ and - respectively)
What is the value of 1 Atomic Mass Unit (AMU)?
1/12th of Carbon-12
What is the unit for Specific Charge?
Coulombs per KG
What is an Isotope?
An atom with more neutrons than usual.
What is the range of the Strong Nuclear Force?
Up to 3fm
When is the Strong Force repulsive?
Below 0.5fm
What are the three types of decay?
Alpha, beta, gamma.
What is ejected in alpha decay?
A helium nucleus (2 protons, 2 neutrons).
When does alpha decay occur?
> 82 protons due to instability.
Complete this equation:
i) 226
ii) 86
iii) 4
iv) 2
What is ejected from an atom in Beta Minus decay?
An electron and an electron anti-neutrino.
Why must the neutrino exist?
To maintain conservation rules such as mass and spin.
What is an antiparticle?
A particle that corresponds with its matter particle but has opposite charge.
What is the antiparticle for an electron?
Positron.
What is rest energy?
The energy of the mass of a particle in MeV.
What is 1 eV?
1.60 × 10^-19 J (MeV = 1.60 × 10^-16 J)
What is an exchange particle?
A particle which exchanges a force.
What is the exchange particle for electromagnetic interactions?
The virtual photon.
What is a photon?
1 constant packet of energy.
What is the value of 1 photon in annihilation?
The rest energy of 1 of the particles and half the combined kinetic energy.
What is the minimum energy of a photon produced in annihilation?
E0 (rest energy of 1 particle)
How much energy must a photon have to pair produce?
Emin = 2E of the particle being created.
What is the speed of a wave?
C = hf
Or
C = hc/wavelength
What is a practical use for annihilation?
PET scans
What are the four fundamental interactions?
Strong Nuclear, Weak Nuclear, Electromagnetic, Gravitational
What are the particles for the strong nuclear force?
Gluons.
What are the particles for the weak nuclear force?
W plus and minus bosons.
What are the bosons for the elctromagnetic and gravitational forces.
Virtual photon, theoretical Graviton.
What is special about W Bosons?
They are very heavy (100x a proton) so exist only at a very small range.
How are interactions displayed?
Feynmann diagrams.
What is a force on the quantum scale?
The exchange of a gauge boson.
What are the 3 rules of Feynmann diagrams?
Only move upwards (Forward in time)
Baryons on left, Leptons on right
→ W- Boson is the same as ← W+ Boson.
How are electron capture and elctron proton collision different?
Capture = left to right W+
Collision = right to left W-
What type of particles have quarks?
Hadrons
What classifies a meson?
Has 1 matter and 1 antimatter quark.
How many quarks does a hadron have?
3.
What is the baryon number of:
I) an electron
II) a proton
III) an anti-neutron
I) 0
II) +1
III) -1
What do all baryons decay into?
Proton (free)
What do kaons decay into?
Pions
What is a lepton? Give examples.
A particle without quarks. E.g electron, muon, neutrino (and their antimatter particles)
What is conserved in regards to leptons?
Lepton-muon and Lepton-electron number.
What else is conserved?
Baryon number, strangeness, charge
What do muons decay into?
Electrons.
When is strangeness conserved?
In the weak interaction.
What is different about the value of strangeness in strange particles?
Antistrange quarks have a strange value of 1.
How can hadrons be detected?
Through the use of cloud chambers.
What does the trail of a slow heavy particle look like.
Curves sharply, thick trail.
What does the trail of a neutrino look like?
N/a
What does the trail of an electron look like?
Shallow curve, thin line (fast and light)
How do positive particles curve?
Upwards.
How are strange particles produced?
Through pair production.
Why do scientists collaborate within particle physics?
Due to the cost and need for many fields of knowledge.
What are the 3 types of quarks?
Up, down, strange.
What are the 3 matter quark’s charge?
2/3, -1/3, -1/3
What are the 3 charges of the antimatter quarks?
-2/3, 1/3, 1/3
What is meant by quark confinement.
The attraction between quarks if so strong that you cannot get a quark alone.
What occurs to quarks through the weak interaction.
They change character.
Note
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