AP Bio Unit 2: Cell Structure and Function

This cell structure is divided into 2 subunits without a membrane

• Made of rRNA

• Synthesizes proteins according to mRNA sequences

Network of membrane tubes within the cytoplasm

This cell structure has ribosomes attached to the membrane

it packages newly synthesized proteins for possible export

This cell structure is in charge of detoxification and lipid synthesis

This cell structure is in charge of correct folding and chemical modification of proteins

• Gets proteins from ER and folds them correctly

  • Proteins arrive in transport vesicles and exit to transport vesicles

This cell structure powers the organism by making ATP

THE POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL!!!!!!!!!

Smooth outer membrane and densely folded inner membrane

Membrane enclosed sacs with hydrolytic enzymes

• Used to digest materials such as damaged cell parts or macromolecules

Both in plant and animal cells, though the plant one is larger

Membrane bound sac used for storage of water and maintaining turgor pressure

These cell structures have a double outer membrane

They capture energy from the sun to make sugar

• Lots of surface area for the light reaction

• Found in photosynthetic algae and plants

Highly folded membrane compartments found in a chloroplast

Thyrakoids in a chloroplast are organized in these stacks

These lipids have a hydrophilic, polar head and a hydrophobic, nonpolar tail. These create cell membranes

These membrane proteins are loosely attached to only one side of the membrane

• Hydrophilic with a charged polar side group

These membrane proteins span the entire membrane

Have a hydrophilic outside and hydrophilic inside

Through this process, small, nonpolar molecules can pass through the phospholipid membrane along the high-low conecntration gradient

Net movement of molecules from a high to low concentration gradient (no ATP or other form of energy is needed)

Through this process, hydrophilic molecules, water, and charged ions can pass through the phospholipid membrane

This protein facilitates transport of water as a form of passive transport

This membrane protein serves as a hydrophilic tunnel for specific target molecules

A molecule that consists of a carbohydrate plus a protein hanging out on the outside of a membrane

This membrane protein changes shape to move a target molecule inside or outside of a cell along concentration gradient

• Passive transport

This type of cell transport requires a direct input of energy to move against the concentration gradient

This process uses cell energy to take in macromolecules and particulate matter by forming new vesicles

A form of endocytosis where cells take in large particle

A form of endocytosis where the cell takes in extracellular fluid

This process uses cell energy to fuse vesicles with the plasma membrane and move waste out

Receptor proteins capture specific target molecules to aid with endocytosis

Secondary active transport protein uses energy from an electrochemical gradient to transport 2 different ions

This form of active transport moves 2 different ions in the same direction

This form of active transport moves 2 different ions in a different direction

Total solute concentration in a solutionO

Water moves toward a solute

Relative solute between two solutions

In this solution, there is more solute inside the cell than outside

In this solution, there is equal solute inside the cell and outside

In this solution, there is more solute outside the cell than inside

An animal cell becomes this in a hypotonic solution, where water enters the cell

An animal cell becomes this in an isotonic solution, where water enters and exits the cell

An animal cell becomes this in a hypertonic solution, where water exits the cell

A plant cell becomes this in a hypotonic solution, where water enters the cell

A plant cell becomes this in an isotonic solution, where water enters the cell and exits

A plant cell becomes this in a hypertonic solution, where water exits the cell and the inside of it peels away from the cell wall