Key Doctrines/Meetings in Cold WAR!!!

• business + property privately owned

• democracy

• free of government control, not equal

• the government owned all industries

• one-party dictatorship

• rights of individuals < good of society

• tightly controlled individuals’ lives

1943 🔴

✅ Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill agreed that the Soviet Union could have a 'sphere influence' in Eastern Europe.

✅ Agreed that the USSR would join the USA and Britain in the war against Japan, once Nazi Germany was defeated.

❌ Stalin wanted to punish and severely weaken Germany with reparations but Churchill and Roosevelt wanted to rebuild Germany.

1945 4️⃣

✅ Big Three agreed that Germany + Berlin would be divided into four zones after Germany's surrender - the UK, the USA, USSR, and France.

✅ Stalin pledged to permit free elections in Poland.

❌ Stalin wanted to cripple Germany, Truman did not want to repeat the mistakes of Versailles. They disagreed over reparations.

1945 🚫⚔️

✅ Confirmed plans to disarm and demilitarize Germany.

❌ Stalin wanted to cripple Germany, Truman did not want to repeat the mistakes of Versailles. They disagreed over reparations.

1947 🤝

USA would provide money and troops to help free governments to combat communist takeovers.

1947 💰

$13 billion from USA to help rebuild Europe - countries had to trade with USA to get money though.

Taken by 16 WESTERN countries - UK, France + WEST Germany etc.

SU saw it as an attack on Russia (threatened communist control in Europe)

1947 💱

Soviet response to the Marshall Plan: an organization that aimed to tighten Soviet control in Eastern Europe, build heavy industry there, and create a trade network between communist countries

1949 💸

Soviet response to the Marshall Plan: provided countries with economic aid from the USSR

1949 🌎

a military alliance, of 30 countries from North America and Europe, established to create a counterweight to Soviet armies stationed in central and eastern Europe after World War II.

1955 🛡️

Soviet response to NATO: a collective defense treaty/alliance established by the SU + 7 other Soviet satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe, e.g. Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, and Poland.

October 1956 🗿 🍞

When Stalin died (1953) Khrushchev became the Soviet leader.

In 1956 in a speech, Khrushchev hinted that soviet control would relax (Nagy ended one-party rule)

In Oct 1956, poor harvests + shortages of bread in Hungary → anti-communist revolt.

Stalin’s statues were destroyed + local communists were attacked.

October 1956 💂

200 000 SU troops → 500 Hungarians killed, 1000 SU killed

June 1958 💀

Appointed a liberal President of Hungary in 1956 by Khrushchev.

Ended one-party rule (Khrushchev was fine)

Then said Hungary → leave Warsaw Pact + destalinazation.

Nov 1958 📢

Declaration by Khrushchev that Berlin belonged to East Germany + all occupying troops must leave within 6 months.

1959 - 61 🙅

Nothing agreed at any, neither backed down from Berlin

Tension built as Soviets discovered + shot US spy plane over USSR

August 1961 🧱

(USA had more nuclear weapons so Khrushchev couldn’t remove USA by sending in troops)

Refugee problem for Khrushchev in Berlin.

Nobody could leave or enter.

Soviet tanks + barbed wire were used.

→ West Berlin completely cut off from East Germany

July 1948 🚫__🍺__🍔

Allies united their zones into ‘West Germany’ →

SU closed all links into West Berlin to block supplies + force western troops out of the city.

West Germany was capitalist and attracted Russia’s East Berliners.

Berlin was deep in East Germany, which was under soviet control, so they could block supplies easily.

1948-49 ✈️

Made the USA appear peaceful + generous whilst the blockade made SU appear aggressive.

In 1949 West Germany was officially formed.

in October 1949 East Germany was officially formed.

The US delivered >2.3 million tons of food, fuel, and supplies to West Berlin via >278,000 airdrops

1959 🧊

Cuba had many US-owned businesses + had a socialist revolt in 1959.

USA refused to recognize the new government (didn’t want a country with close links to SU)

Cuba built economic links with SU.

1961 = Kennedy’s failed invasion (Bay of Pigs)

1961 🐷

CIA told Kennedy the invasion would look like a Cuban revolt (trained Cuban exiles), most Cubans hate Castro + Castro’s control of Cuba was very weak.

Castro knew the invasion was gonna happen + 20 000 Cuban troops defeated 1400 US-backed ones (surrendered).

Cubans preferred Castro to the previous leader + supported him.

Cuba cut ties with the US + announced itself as a communist.

1968 ✊

Period of Dubcek’s reforms to Czech communism, making it easy to live under:

• censorship relaxed → increasing freedom of speech + press

• other parties allowed

• soviet control reduced + more power to Czech government

• powers of secret police reduced

Because Czech had suffered greatly under communism: living standards dropped + a poor economy.

August 1968 ⏪

Brezhnev thought Dubcek’s reform = breaking Warsaw Pact

→ SU sent tanks to Prague + Dubcek was arrested

→ Dubcek replaced w/ Husak

→ Czechoslovakia returned to being under strict SU control

1968 👊

Su had the right to use military force in any country where the communist rule was under threat.

1975 3️⃣

• East + West Germany finally officially accepted each other

• USA buys SU oil, SU buys US wheat (trade)

• Respect all human rights

• Settle disputes peacefully

1960s-79 ☮️

period of easing Cold War tensions between the U.S. and the Soviet Union from 1967 to 1979.

(started after Cuban Missile Crisis)

• reduce the risk of a nuclear war

• reduce the cost of the arms race

• USA learned lesson from losing the Vietnam war

1972 🤏🔫

USA + SU treaty - limit the number of nuclear weapons each side possessed.

• limit nuclear weapons

• no more strategic ballistic weapons

• 200 interceptors

• 2 missile defense sites

Both sides agreed <3

1979 🤏☢️🤯

further limited number of missiles + launch systems

for 1st time put limit on warheads

Signed by Carter + Brezhnev in 1979, but never ratified by US Senate (SU invaded Afghanistan - 1979)

Dec 1979 👊🙋

SU sent troops into communist Afghanistan to take control (after their president was assassinated)

SU assumed the USA would fuck out of conflict cause of Czechoslovakia.

→ Amin made president = SU felt it was losing influence

→ Amin kill was killed, + Karmal made president by Brezhnev

US government intervened → funded Afghan rebels to resist Soviet troops.

USA was worried SU would get more control in the Middle East.

Invade Afghanistan = Soviet influence in Iran, which could block USA’s oil exports.

1979 🔄 (After Afghanistan Invasion)

led to Carter Doctrine + 1980/84 Olympic Boycotts

1980 🚫💱

Response to soviet Afghan invasion.

• USA will use force if SU tried to control the Persian Gulf (which was vital for US oil supplies)

• US wouldn’t trade w/ the SU

• Refused SALT 2 = both sides built more nuclear weapons

1949 ☢️

1945 - Hiroshima + Nagasaki

1949 - SU tests its first A-bomb

1952 - USA develops H-bomb

1953 - SU develops H-bomb

This led to MAD (mutually assured destruction)

1949-52-53 💣🧑‍🤝‍🧑

the idea that a nuclear war would result in the total destruction of both sides (was a deterrent).

1981-87 💲

1 trillion dollars!!!

• 100 MX missiles

• new stealth bomber

• 6 Trident nuclear submarines

= felt they could win a nuclear war w/ SU

Reagan assisted this to reduce arms + Soviet influence in Poland

1983 ⭐🚀🛰️

anti-ballistic missile system (destroys missiles launched at the US)

→ gave the USA an advantage in a nuclear war

→ made SU realize they would have to spend more money in armaments

→ SU realized they could no longer compete in the arms race.

called SU an “evil empire” + declared 2nd Cold War

1985 💨

• speed up arms talks

• work towards the abolition of chemical weapons

• Reagan said, “FUCK YOU IM NOT GIVING UP SDI!!”

1986 ☢️⭐🚀

• reductions in nuclear arsenals

• Reagan continued with the SDI

• Gorbachev wanted to restrict the SDI

1987 ⛰️🚢👀

(Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty)

• Reagan convinced Gorbachev that the USA didn’t intend to invade the SU (take the hint Gorbachev bro) ⛰️

• eliminated nuclear ballistic + cruise missiles 🚢

• both nations could inspect each other’s military instillations 👀

1988 🔚__👊__

this meant that Soviet troops would no longer intervene in Easter Europe to support communism.

→ many peaceful anti-communist revolutions between 1989/90.

because:

• SU couldn’t afford to maintain Warsaw Pact (military costs)

• SU had to improve trade relations w/ the West to improve its economy 🤑

1989 🧑‍🎤

SU would no longer interfere with the affairs of the Eastern block = accepted the rejection of communist parties.

→ communist governments fall in Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria + Romania

BASED ON THE SONG “MY WAY” BY FRANK SINATRA <3

1989 💥🧱

• led to the reunification of Germany + the end of Soviet control in Eastern Europe.

• SU redrew its troops from East Germany but western troops stayed in West Germany

• = end of Warsaw Pact (1991)

• meant the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Eastern Europe (1990)

1991 🏁

1991 = Gorbachev dissolved the Warsaw Pact + SU + resigned.

why SU lost:

• economy was poorer than USA’s (huge Afghan war cost)

• catching up in the arms race crippled its economy

• capitalism attracted more people than communism