Standard Normal Disributions and more!!

a measure of how many standards deviations a piece of data is in relation to the mean;

a type of probability distribution created by drawing many random samples of a given size from the same population

the greatest possible distance between the sample mean and the population mean; used to create a confidence interval;

a range of values that the population mean will be between;

the measure of how much the sample mean varies from the true population mean; quantifies the precision of the sample mean estimation.

(x - μ) / σ

X ± Z * (σ/√n)

2((x - μ) / σ)

a portion of an entire population

a whole audience of participants

data collected from an entire population; think p and p.

data collected from an entire sample size; think s and s

Sampling method where the population is divided into different groups or strata, and a proportionate number of individuals are randomly selected from each stratum for the sample.

Sampling method where the population is divided into groups (clusters), and a random sample of clusters is selected for data collection.

Sampling method where every nth item in a population is selected to be included in the sample. Helps ensure equal representation and reduce bias.

Voluntary sampling involves individuals choosing to participate in a study, leading to a non-random sample. This can introduce bias and affect the generalizability of findings.

A method of sampling where individuals voluntarily choose to participate in a study or survey, leading to a non-random sample. This can introduce bias as those who choose to participate may differ from those who do not, impacting the generalizability of the findings.

Nonrandom or convenience sampling is a technique where individuals are chosen based on their accessibility instead of using a random or representative sample. This method may produce biased results as it may not accurately represent the whole population.

σ/√n